Yprt Toolkit
YPRT Toolkit
Index
Introduction to the YPRT Toolkit............................................................................................3
Foreword................................................................................................................................4
A ·
Risks children and young people may encounter
when using online services .........................................................................................7
A 1 · Risks related to online content......................................................................................9
A 2 · Risks related to online contact....................................................................................12
B ·
Overview on supportive technologies for youth protection
available so far..............................................................................................................15
B 1 · Filter software .............................................................................................................17
B 2 · Monitoring and Surveil ance........................................................................................20
B 3 · Age verification ...........................................................................................................21
B 4 · Other technical tools...................................................................................................22
C ·
Improvement of youth protection on the Internet..........................................25
C 1 · Improvement of supportive technologies and infrastructures....................................26
C 2 · Improvement of usability of filter software.................................................................27
C 3 · Improvement of Internet appliances – technological basics and implementation
of supportive widgets to help users to protect themselves..........................................29
C 4 · Agreement on policies for providers and operators....................................................31
C 5 · Digital literacy..............................................................................................................32
C 6 · Awareness raising.......................................................................................................34
C 7 · Research .....................................................................................................................35
C 8 · Legal regulation...........................................................................................................35
D ·
Resources.........................................................................................................................36
E ·
Inventory of self-regulation ....................................................................................38
E 1 · Organisations...............................................................................................................38
E 2 · Instruments .................................................................................................................41
F ·
Inventory of legal regulation ...................................................................................45
Introduction to the YPRT Toolkit
This toolkit was developed by the Youth Protection Roundtable within the framework of
the Safer Internet Programme of the European Commission.
The Youth Protection Roundtable was established in 2006, bringing together technical
specialists and children’s welfare experts with the purpose to develop the optimal mix of
effective technology-enhanced strategies on the one hand and education-based strategies
on the other hand to enable youths – and responsible adults in the case of minors – for a
safe and secure use of the Internet. The 32 members from 13 European countries col abo
rated for 30 months convening for four meetings. To give the youth’s voice a good hearing
the so cal ed Young Roundtable was established by the Youth Protection Roundtable.
Based on the project’s findings and the insights
to young people’s online habits, the YPRT has
elaborated this catalogue of ideas and sugges
tions to improve youth protection online.
Adopt, Adapt, Improve
The YPRT adopts this slogan coined by
the Duke of Windsor when he introduced
the idea of a Round Table in British Club
life back in 1927. He invited young men
from different professions to discuss
established practise in the light of new
developments and to gain understanding
of different views. This is what the YPRT
has performed in facetoface communi
cation. Now, everybody who adopts the
ideas and suggestions of the Toolkit,
adapts them to his portfolio and tries to
improve them is invited to join the virtual
YPRT and to share his experience with
other people perhaps differently minded
at www.yprt.eu
Herbert Kubicek,
Scientific Director of Stiftung Digitale Chancen
3
Foreword
Taking part in the Information Society is essential for citizens of all age groups. The Inter
net provides huge opportunities to improve life for all users. It has positive effects on edu
cation, the working world and economic growth. Especial y children and young people are
well acquainted with its appliances and can benefit from its use tremendously, but they
are also vulnerable. Risks and threats are coming along with this positive development, of-
ten paral el to those already existing in the offline world.
In order to solve the problem, technological measures can help. But however good they
might get, it is never recommended to rely on technical tools completely. The best way to
help children staying safe is to empower and educate them to avoid or deal with the risks.
In delivering this objective, technologies can play a useful or supportive role, especial y
where younger children are concerned.
Therefore, the Youth Protection Roundtable in respect of
the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child signed 1989
Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights guaranteeing for the funda
mental right to freedom of expression and to receive and impart information and ide
as without interference by public authorities and regardless of frontiers;
the Declaration on human rights and the rule of law in the information society, adopt
ed by the Committee of Ministers on 13 May 2005, according to which member
states should maintain and enhance legal and practical measures to prevent state and
private censorship;
the Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on freedom of communication on the
Internet of 28 May 2003;
Recommendation Rec(2007)11 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on
promoting freedom of expression and information in the new information and com
munications environment;
Recommendation Rec(2007)16 of the Committee of Ministers on measures to pro
mote the public service value of the Internet;
4
Re c o m m en d a t i o n C M / Re c ( 2 0 0 8 ) 6 o f t h e C o m m it t e e o f M i n i st er s t o m em b er st a t es
o n m e a s u r es t o p r o m o t e t h e r es p e c t f o r f r e e d o m o f e x p r es s i o n a n d i n f o r m a t i o n w it h
r e g a r d t o In t er n e t f i lt er s ( A d o p t e d b y t h e C o m m it t e e o f M i n i st er s o n 2 6 M a r c h 2 0 0 8
a t t h e 1 0 2 2 n d m e e t i n g o f t h e M i n i st er s ’ D e p u t i es ) ;
has developed a compilation of ideas and suggestions
for technical developments in respect of educational issues and
for the use of filter technologies and educational measures in
public and private areas.
T h e Y P R T T o o l k it i s a c a t a l o g u e o f n o n -b i n d i n g r e f er en c es f o r t h e i m p r o v emen t o f y o u t h
p r o t e c t i o n o n l i n e , c er t a i n l y n o t t o b e u n d er st o o d a s o b l ig a t o r y .
T h e Y P R T T o o l k it s h a l s u p p o r t t h e v a r i o u s st a k eh o l d er s i n v o l v e d i n t h e p r o c es s es o f s er v -
ic e a n d c o n t en t p r o v i s i o n, h a r d w a r e a n d s o f t w a r e d e v e l o p m en t , p a r en t s ’ c o u n s e l i n g , c h i l -
d r en ’ s e du c a t i o n, m u lt i p l i er s ’ t r a i n i n g , a n d p o l it ic a l d e c i s i o n m a k i n g .
Measures To ProTecT
3,5
Young PeoPle online
3
2,5
2
1,5
c hildren (up to 1 3 y ears)
1
y outh (1 4-1 7 y ears)
0,5*
*Ø P riorit y points 1 -6
0
(highest priorit y 6)
by police
PC
or technical)
of the Internet
of the Internet
filterprogrammes
of digital literacy
special
on the enduser‘s
(personal
areas training
Surveillance
al control age adequate
n=1 26
like filterprogrammes
Parent to only
by educational
like proxyservers with
access
of kids
are solutions
werment
Software solutions
Reduced Empo
YPR T Sur v e y On Mat ters Of Saf er Internet And Y outh P rotection
Hardw
© Y outh P rotection R oundt able - Stif t ung Digit ale Chancen
5
The suggestions for technical developments in respect of educational issues
inform providers and developers of the risks children and young people may encoun
ter when using their online services, (Chapter A)
give an overview on supportive technologies for youth protection currently available,
(Chapter B)
describe measures to bring supportive technologies into effect efficiently (e.g. that
end-user based filters should be effective but also easy to use by persons in charge
of minors) (Chapter C1-C4) and
describe general conditions of youth protection (i. e. provide reference to national and
international frameworks and legislation)
in order to achieve that technicians are able to pre-estimate the possible effects of newly
developed end-user based technologies on children and youths.
The product-neutral suggestions for the use of filter technologies and educational
measures in public and private areas
inform pedagogical multipliers (teachers and carers) about the relation between par
ticular online applications or products and related risks, (Chapter A)
describe appropriate supportive
technologies (Chapter B) and
The Youth Protection Roundtable made a great job
describe where additional educa
starting a crosssector dialogue putting together tech
tional measures are needed to
nical specialist, children’s welfare specialist and Safer
enhance their potential for youth
Internet project managers. The result of the effort of
protection. (Chapter C2-C7)
a collective work is valuable for people trying to em
power and educate children based on the practical
experience. The outcome of the project is valuable
as a practical tool for implementation in real practice.
Ing. Pavel Vichtera, Saferinternet CZ project coordinator
6
A · Risks children and young people may encounter
when using online services
The Youth Protection Roundtable members have identified several risks and threats as rel
evant with regard to youth protection on the Internet. Although not all risks are of concern
for all age groups, it is important to address all of them appropriately.
The risks were grouped along two dimensions, into those risks related to online content
and those risks related to online contact. In both areas, some risks result from the users’
own conduct, while other risks result from the conduct of other users. The location of
some of the risks depends on whether one takes the perspective of the consumer of con
tent or the producer of content, especial y when it comes to user-generated content. This
underlines the need of permeability between the areas of the Matrix. Furthermore it turns
out that some risks are of relevance only to specific age groups of users and therefore can
only be addressed by measures tailored to the user group’s specific needs. According to
these four dimensions relevant risks can be mapped.
My organisation particularly works with
those people, who come from disad
vantaged or disaffected backgrounds,
so we were particularly interested in
those young people, who don´t have all
the other privileges some people have
and maybe don´t get the same support
and help in terms of dealings with the
problems of Internet safety.
John Fisher, Citizens Online
7
Matrix of risks and threats
Possibility to delete all personal con-
Filter software
Monitoring / Surveil ance
tent in social communities forever
Memo-Sticks with
Digital literacy
Empowerment
Universal Filter Software
Internet-safety as subject
in school
Hooliganism
Exploitation and sexual abuse by taking/publishing pictures of children
Internet-safety as subject
of teacher education
Content related
Young Internet Experts in
schools
Th
Copyright infringement
Age inappropriate content Violent content
Educational programmes
Incorrect content re
for younger pupils
a
Data persistance
Infringement of human
Incitement of harm
ts
Online School for Safer
Internet
n
d
u
ct
rights / defamation
resultin
Internet addiction
Alcohol
co
Il egal content,
Data portability
i.e. racism, child
pornography
Mediation
o
wn
g
m
fro
Gambling
fro
Inappropriate
PC-Security
m
advertise-
Harmful advice
Viruses
Awareness raising
g
ment to children
co
Trojans
n
du
Disclosing private information esp.
Identity theft
Terrorism
c
Content control
in social community platforms
Profiling
t
agency
resultin
o
Commercial fraud
f
a
ts
Losing money / Phishing
o
re
th
Restriction for chatrooms:
Bul ying
e
only with webcam
„Internet Police“
Th
Grooming
rs
(light)
Age verification
Contact related
World wide wireless
access
Anorexia
Drugs
Suicide
Exploitation and sexual abuse
Antivirus software
Internet area
Reality environment
© Stiftung Digitale Chancen
8
A 1 Risks related to online content
With regard to online content it is important to differentiate between il egal content and
harmful content. There is no general European agreement on what is meant to be il egal,
harmful or inappropriate content. Nevertheless some types of content, such as child por
nography are outlawed nearly all over the world.
A 1.1 Age inappropriate content
The Internet provides a wealth of content for all groups of users. Mainstream interests are
served as well as special interest groups. Nevertheless not all content should be accessi
ble for children and youths. So it has to be careful y decided which content is appropriate
to which age group. Special attention should be given to content that is not il egal in gen
eral but might harm younger users. Facing age inappropriate content like adult pornogra
phy might especial y harm younger children when exposed to it unintentional y. The risk of
facing age inappropriate content can result from the user’s own conduct when searching
for it deliberately as well as stumbling across it without intending to. Content that is not
appropriate for all age groups might be provided for commercial reasons but can also be
generated by the users themselves. Access to the former might be restricted to closed
user groups only, while user generated content is mostly publicly available and needs
therefore special attention. Since nowadays a high percentage of children and youths have
a mobile phone with multimedia functionalities and access to the Internet at their finger
tips, it must also be considered that they might access age inappropriate content when
being on their own and not having an adult for guidance at their side. Mobile devices also
enable children to produce their own digital content in any life situation thus contributing
to the increasing number of user generated content.
A 1.2 Violent content
Violent content is another kind of age inappropriate content. The effect violent content has
on the viewer largely depends on the age of the viewer, his or her habits of consuming In
ternet content and the social environment. Especial y younger children should be protect
ed from stumbling across violent content. It should also be prevented that they deliberate
ly try to access content they are not al owed to see or buy on other media or in shops. An
additional focus should be put on user generated content, particularly because children
and youths might be producers and publishers of violent content not being aware of the
harm this content could do to others.
9
Youth protection in the (online) media and the
self regulatory approach play an important role in
the work of eco for more than ten years, particu
A 1.3 Illegal content, i.e. racism, child
larly by running a hotline to fight illegal content
pornography
and content harmful to minors as well as being
The type of content classified as il egal, depends
INHOPE (funding) member and being involved in
foremost on national law albeit some type of con
tent is outlawed in most countries. Nevertheless il
several other activities in regard to youth protec
legal content is available and can be accessed unin
tion and self regulation e.g. being point of pres
tentional y but also deliberately by children and
ence for ICRADeutschland/fosi.
youths. Attention should also be paid to children
Alexandra Koch, eco Verband der deutschen Internetwirtschaft
and youths as victims of il egal content, e.g. by tak
ing and publishing child abuse pictures or videos.
A 1.4 Incorrect content
The risk to face incorrect content, f. e. within Wikipedia or as an advertisement of fake
products is primarily related to the conduct of other users and is multiplied by the increas
ing number of Web 2.0 appliances where the correctness is at the most control ed by the
users themselves but not by an editor. Biased content, i.e. content deliberately designed
to transport a certain message, might also be taken for true by inexperienced young us
ers.
A 1.5 Incitement of harm
There are many sites on the web inciting users to harm themselves, e.g. websites pro
moting suicide, anorexia or sectarianism. With Web 2.0 and the increasing possibilities to
publish a user’s own content, the risk of being exposed to content inciting harm is grow
ing. In particular children and youths are in many cases not able to make a realistic assess
ment of the risks arising from fol owing the instructions given in such websites.
A 1.6 Infringement of human rights / defamation
In the anonymity of the web, propaganda against certain population groups or individuals
can easily be widespread. In addition one can presume that people act differently online
where they must not face the reaction of their counterparts or victims directly and there
fore are not immediately confronted with the consequences of their conduct. Thus the
risk of infringement of human rights and being victim of defamation is much more likely to
happen online than in reality. In addition, defamatory content is harmful to children and
young people whose opinion might be influenced by misleading information.
10
A 1.7 Inappropriate advertisement and marketing to children
Inappropriate advertisement means the risks of receiving
or being exposed to advertisement for products and/or
services that are inappropriate to children like cosmetic
surgery. The more users give away private information,
i.e. name, age or gender, the more likely they are to re
ceive advertisement or to be asked to participate in lot
teries. Since children are in many cases not aware of the
consequences of typing their names into forms and box-
es on the web, they are profoundly at risk. Considering
the high penetration rate of mobile phones among chil
dren and youths attention should also be paid to this ad
ditional channel for the dissemination of advertisement.
A 1.8 Data persistence
Content once published on the web can spread rapidly around the world. Especial y chil
dren and youths are not aware of the short-term and long-term consequences and often
publish texts and pictures they do not want to be publicly available later. Since it is impos
sible to delete this information total y later on, the risk of data persistence is in particular
relevant to imprudent younger people.
A 1.9 Data portability
Data deliberately stored on a server or a platform can
easily be transferred to innumerable other servers. Peo
ple who are not aware of that fact might easily lose their
privacy. Even if younger people are likely to know a lot
about the technical possibilities of the web, admittedly
most of them do not have the ability to roughly estimate
the consequences when their private data are mingled
with other data about their own person.
A 1.10 Copyright infringement
Copyright infringement is a risk mostly related to the conduct of the users themselves. Ir
respective of the fact whether the copyright of others is infringed deliberately or undelib
erately, the infringement is an economical fraud for the holder and puts the violator in risk
of penalty.
11
A 2 Risks related to online contact
A 2.1 Harmful advice
Forums, blogs or other contact related areas of the Internet provide a platform for the ex
change of advice between users. This could be valuable assistance but might also ease
getting in touch with inappropriate or even more risky advisors. The risk of receiving harm
ful advice for children and youths occurs more often in social community platforms or oth
er Web 2.0 appliances than on regular websites.
A 2.2 Internet addiction
As people spend more time online, the risk of getting addicted to the use of the Internet
is growing. In particular young people are at risks of not being able to switch off the com
puter. Therefore this risk is first and foremost related to one’s own conduct.
A 2.3 Identity theft
Getting hold of and making intentional y use of other peoples’ electronic identity (e.g. user
name and password) with the purpose to cause commercial or other fraud to this person
and to benefit thereof is cal ed identity theft. Identity theft is a growing risk as the number
of virtual identities is increasing with the number of people being online and in particular
using personalised services.
A 2.4 Losing money / Phishing
Phishing means the process of harvesting bank details, in particular PINs and TANs, with
the purpose to ransack other people’s bank account. Younger people are more likely not to
recognise a fake website and give away their bank details.
A 2.5 Commercial fraud
Commercial fraud happens when sel ers pretend to sell goods or services, which after
payment either do not show the promised attributes or are not delivered at al . It can also
result from identity theft and from phishing. Another source of commercial fraud can be
the sel ing of digital services, e.g. a ring tone, at an unreasonable and unfair price often
bound to a permanent subscription to the service that was not intended by the buyer.
Children and youths are in the majority of cases not aware of the consequences of such
contracts concluded online.
12
A 2.6 Grooming
Paedophiles use the Internet as a means to contact children and young people concealing
their adult identity. They often build their strategy on children’s longing for friendship and
familiarity. All areas of the Web providing platforms for personal contact and exchange are
likely to provide a basis for grooming attacks. As mentioned before the mobile phone as
an additional device to contact others and to access e. g. social community platforms
should be taken into strong consideration especial y because children look at their mobile
phone as a particular part of their private life and are mostly on their own when using it.
Thus the risk of being a victim of a grooming attack and then fol owing a dangerous invita
tion is increased largely.
“Child on the Web” campaign, 2004,
by Nobody’s Children Foundation and
VA Strategic Communications Agency
13
A 2.7 Bullying
Various types of bul ying seem to be al
ways part of young people’s life. Bul ying
one another is certainly simplified by the
Internet due to the anonymity the medi
um provides. Children and young people
risk both being victim of bul ying and be
ing offender. Hence bul ying is related to
one’s own conduct as well as to the con
duct of others. Even though publishing
content like defaming pictures can be part of bul ying, the phenomenon is foremost relat
ed to online contact. As mentioned before multifunctional mobile phones are often the de
vice in use for taking pictures with the intention to bul y and then upload the pictures to
the Internet or send them via MMS to others. In view of the high penetration rate among
children and youths the mobile phone equipped with a digital camera is likely to make bul
lying easier.
A 2.8 Disclosing private information
Setting up a profile on a social community platform invites the user to disclose private in
formation with the intent to present oneself to the community. Also in chat rooms and fo
rums users may disclose private data to others, such as their address or telephone
number. In particular young people are not able to foresee the consequences of publishing
their private data. They are often not aware that a chat room is not a private but a public
area.
A 2.9 Profiling
With the increasing number of profiles a person publishes on different platforms, the risk
increases that personal data published on one platform are merged with those published
on others or given away elsewhere, f.e. in pol ing or raffles. Thus profiles are created that
al ow to directly address the person with potential y unwanted content, services and ad
vertisement. Profiling can be accomplished from the website where the personal data are
displayed publicly, but more dangerous when profiles of users or parts of these are har
vested from the database behind the website and sold out from the platform provider to
third parties.
14
B · Overview on supportive technologies for
youth protection available so far
There are several technical tools available to address the risks and threats that might arise
from the use of the Internet by children and youths. The YPRT has assessed recent re
search and findings in regards to the effectiveness of these tools. Also the YPRT mem
bers have assessed the fol owing technical tools and estimated their effectiveness based
on their own expertise. This was done in two steps of estimation, discussion and valida
tion leading to a high degree of consensus.1
As a result, the YPRT members concluded that all technical tools need to be complement
ed by additional measures, i.e. empowerment through digital literacy, to be truly effective.
Technical tools were therefore cal ed supportive technologies for online youth protection
in this toolkit.
The fol owing version of the Matrix of risks and threats aims to demonstrate in which are
as those technologies can be effective and thus support the efforts for youth protection
on the Internet.
1 - Editorial note: The following section is based on the YPRT members’ second estimation of
effectiveness of tools, which was done during the discussions at the 4th Roundtable Meeting.
15
Matrix of risks and threats
Filter software
Digital literacy
Empowerment
Monitoring / Surveil ance
Online School for Safer Educational programmes
Young Internet Experts Internet-safety as subject Internet-safety as subject
Internet
for younger pupils
in schools
of teacher education
in school
„Internet Police“
(light)
Alcohol
Hooliganism
Exploitation and sexual abuse by taking/publishing pictures of children
Content control
Mediation
agency
Content related
Th
Possibility to delete all
Copyright infringement
Age inappropriate content Violent content
Awareness raising
Incorrect content re
personal content in social
a
Data persistance
ts
communities forever
Infringement of human
Incitement of harm
n
d
u
ct
rights / defamation
resultin
Internet addiction
Restriction for chatrooms:
co
Il egal content,
only with webcam
Data portability
i.e. racism, child
o
wn
pornography
g
m
fro
Gambling
fro
Inappropriate
PC-Security
m
advertise-
Harmful advice
g
Viruses
ment to children
co
Age verification
Trojans
n
du
Disclosing private information esp.
Identity theft
in social community platforms
c
Terrorism
resultin
Profiling
t
Commercial fraud
o
Losing money / Phishing
f
Anti-Grooming
World wide wireless
a
ts
o
Engine
access
re
th
Memo-Sticks with
Th
Bul ying
Grooming
e
rs
Universal Filter Software
Spam Filter
Contact related
Antivirus software
Anorexia
Drugs
Suicide
Exploitation and sexual abuse
Internet area
Reality environment
© Stiftung Digitale Chancen
16
B 1 Filter software
B 1.1 Description of filter software and its workflow
Filter software is an electronic facility that al ows Internet data to be selected and sorted
out. With regard to youth protection, filter software can protect children and young people
from stumbling over or deliberately accessing harmful, il egal or inappropriate online con
tent. It should be kept in mind that young people are very experienced technical y and
many filters can easily be circumvented. Filter programmes use either lists of rated con
tent or analyse the content of web sites by semantic and statistical methods and work as
a programme or module on an end-user device, on a central Internet access point like a
proxy server or at the provider. Content can be rated by editorial classification (black and
white lists), automatic classification (Keyword-Blocking) and content ratings checked by
an independent agency, e.g. NICAM as administrator of PEGI or by the content provider
himself, e.g. ICRA label ing. Most of the filter programmes integrate different content clas
sification methods.2
The convenience of filtering solutions has
improved between 2006 and 2008
© Deloitte 2008
2 - Source: http://www.lusi.lu/index.php?id=16&L=1
17
According to SIP Benchmark3, filtering can be done at several levels. Filter software could
be instal ed at the fol owing places: at the end-user’s PC, at a local server, at the Internet
Service Provider, and elsewhere on the Internet, i.e. proxy-server based Internet filtering
service. The technologies of the filter software include:
• Block a request to a URL that is listed in a vendor-provided blacklist (local blacklist
check) or that is blacklisted on a vendor’s or provider’s site (remote blacklist check)
• Block a request to a URL that is not listed in a vendor-provided white list (local or re
mote white list check)
• Block a request to a URL that contains one or more keywords blacklisted by the user
• Block content that contains one or more keywords blacklisted by the user
• Erase pieces of content that resemble keywords blacklisted by the child carer
• Block a request to a URL with an ICRA label that is blacklisted by the user (remote ICRA
check)
• Block a page that contains an ICRA label that is blacklisted by the user (local ICRA check)
• Disable specific applications (possibly during specified time intervals)
• Disable specific applications outside a time slot specified by the user
• Disable specific ports
In order to achieve effective filtering rates, sev
eral technologies need to be combined.
The Family Online Safety Institute (FOSI) is an In
ternational, nonprofit membership organisation
It has to be taken into account that several side
that works to make the online world safer for kids
effects might come along with the process of
and their families by identifying and promoting
filtering, not only in regard of freedom of expres
best practice, tools and methods in the field of
sion and unintended censorship, but also with
online safety, that also respect free expression.
the problem of false positives and the negative
Promoting better youth media protection is one of
impact on the infrastructure and the quality of
the core components of our strategy and through
services.
initiatives like the Youth Protection Roundtable we
can share the thinking of our membership with
the wider stakeholder community.
David Miles, European Director of the Family Online Safety
Institute. March 2009
3 - Source Deloitte: http://www.sip-bench.eu/Reports2007/SIP%20Bench%202007%20-%20Synthesis%20Report.pdf
18
B 1.2 Effectiveness of filter software
Filter software is seen as a tool to solve many problems. In regard to the various risks list
ed in section A it becomes evident that the more concrete a type of content or a type of
online conduct can be defined the more likely it is to be detected by filter software. Filter
software therefore is less effective for less concretely definable content and online con
duct.
Filter software is estimated to block about half of all websites with age inappropriate and
violent content. With regard to il egal content filter software reaches a slightly higher de
gree of effectiveness. This is due to the fact that it can be more clearly defined what is il e
gal, and therefore il egal content can be more easily detected than other types of content
and online conduct. In contrast to the same reason – definition of content – filter software
must fail with regard to incorrect content for which effectiveness is seen as fairly low.
This is reinforced by the results filter software gains in regard to inappropriate advertise
ment to children and incitement of harm. Both types of content can be defined and there
fore detected by filter software as content to be blocked in around one-third of all cases. It
is more chal enging to detect harmful advice often given in direct contact between users
which leads to the estimation that filter software can affect only one out of seven cases
of this risk. Also the online conduct of grooming can not be sufficiently detected by filter
software; the experts anticipated detection in one out of five cases.
The risk of disclosing private information, which is also more likely to happen in the con
tact related areas of the Internet, can be addressed by filter software in only one out of
ten cases according the experts’ opinion.
Risks related to the own conduct of the user like copyright infringement and Internet ad
diction as well as those risks related to the conduct of other users like identity theft and
bullying can be addressed by filter software only to a small degree. Also it was estimated
that filter software can detect only one out of ten cases of infringement of human rights
and defamation, which is related to both own conduct and conduct of others.
To the experts’ opinion filter software can address a sixth part of cases of commercial
fraud and phishing, but it tends to lower effectiveness for the risk of profiling and nearly
no effectiveness in regard to risks like data portability and data persistence.
19
B 2 Monitoring and Surveillance
B 2.1 Description of monitoring and
surveillance and its workflow
A monitoring system is based on software that moni
tors content and user’s activity on the Internet and re
ports the results to a responsible person. It is an in
strument to systematical y search online content for a
subsequent categorisation4, e. g. into harmful or harm
less content. Monitoring means to poll or check sys
tems and services in an online environment automati
cal y5 with a filter mechanism and – to achieve more
sensible and qualified results – fol owed by the review
of the results by an expert who decides whether the
© Technogroup
IT-Service GmbH
content has to be filtered or taken down or not. Usual y the review process is carried out
with a random sampling of the scanned content. A monitoring system enables to review
e. g. chat sessions, blog entries or the uploading and exchange of pictures. Technical y it
can be instal ed on the level of the Internet Service Provider (ISP) or the operator of an on
line service. In some cases monitoring and surveil ance procedures are instal ed to review
content before it is published online, while other monitoring procedures are based on the
notice-and-take down approach, where online content is taken down after detection6. In
regard to online communication, this approach can lead to the deletion or deactivation of
users’ profiles as soon as a violation of the code of conduct is reported or detected.
B 2.2 Effectiveness of monitoring and surveillance
By means of monitoring and surveil ance the content of the Internet and the communica
tion via the Internet can be reviewed to a certain extent. This might happen on various
stages of the content storage and hosting as well as access providing process. In general
monitoring and surveil ance gain higher effectiveness than filter software alone. This result
is based on the assumption that monitoring and surveil ance both build the decision,
whether online content should be taken down or not and online conduct should be filtered
or not, on additional human review.
Thus monitoring and surveil ance gain highest effectiveness in regard to age inappropriate
content with more than half of all cases. The effectiveness for violent content and illegal
content and also for incitement of harm is judged only slightly lower with two-fifth of all
cases.
4 - Source: Wikipedia http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmonitoring
5 - Source: SiteScope193.138.212.37/SiteScope/docs/SiteScopeTerms.htm
20
6 - For example, the PEGI Online Safety Code makes it mandatory to have an effective alert system in place to be authorised to carry the PEGI online label.
Monitoring and surveil ance were estimated to detect at least every third case of harmful
advice, infringement of human rights/defamation, inappropriate advertisement to children
and grooming.
While it is assumed that monitoring and surveil ance can achieve the detection of more
than every fourth phishing attack, and also more than every third bullying attack, its effec
tiveness against incorrect content, copyright infringement, commercial fraud, identity theft
and disclosing of private information is seen to be around each fifth case. The chance to
address the risks of and Internet addiction by monitoring and surveil ance is seen as fairly
low with only one out of six cases.
Again monitoring and surveil ance score a little bit higher than filter software for data per
sistence, data portability and profiling, nevertheless the degree of effectiveness for the
three of them is less than one out of ten cases.
B 3 Age verification
B 3.1 Description of age verification and its workflow
Various systems are used to verify the age of users of online services and to ensure that
only appropriate content and services are provided to specific age groups. Age verification
can take place outside the Internet, based on a one-time personal face-to-face authorisa
tion. That means after the personal identification and age verification the user gets his ac
cess information, e.g. password or PIN. These are usual y also meant for paying function
alities thus it shall be ensured that the owner takes care of any misuse to avoid loss of
money. Advanced systems of identification and age veri
fication are based on the concept of the togetherness of
Age verification without
a token (card or stick) and knowledge (PIN or pass-
disclosure of birth date
word). Only the person that has both at his command
Age verification (f.e. 12+ / 14+)
can verify to be the legitimate owner of the identity and
thus can prove to belong to a particular age group.
without PIN
with PIN
This type of technical age verification al ows for a high
degree of effectiveness, nevertheless it requires specific
entering of
entering of
technical equipment (i. e. a card reader) and also corre-
PIN by adult
PIN by minor
sponding legal regulations.
21
Currently legislation in many European countries al ows age verification of adults to re
strict access to adult content for minors. There are only a few concepts for age verifica
tion of minors like the kids card in Belgium that are able to technical y ensure to a reason
able degree that only minors have access to special Internet areas, i. e. chat rooms for
children.
The relevance of many of the risks and threats depends on the age of the user. Therefore
age verification plays an important role in regard to restrict access of minors to specific
content or to platforms providing contact opportunities.
B 3.2 Effectiveness of age verification
As described before, age verification is a tool meant for restricting access to specific con
tent or areas of the web. So it does not come as a surprise that age verification gains
higher effectiveness in regard to age inappropriate content (nearly half of all cases) and vi
olent content than in regard to other risks. In regard to illegal content and inappropriate ad
vertisement to children it is judged that age verification can detect each fourth to fifth
case.
It is assumed that age verification could get in the way of one out of seven grooming at
tacks, which gives evidence of a fairly low effectiveness against that risk.
Also incitement of harm cannot be addressed properly by this supportive technology. Age
verification gains low effectiveness against risks like harmful advice, phishing and com
mercial fraud, while it is judged as nearly ineffective against all other risks.
B 4 Other technical tools
B 4.1 Description of other tools, their workflow and effectiveness
in regard to specific risks
Like age verification there are some other tools addressing special areas of risk.
Time control can be used to restrict the usage of a computer to a fixed span of time by
switching off the machine automatical y after that time. Automatic time control is not pri
marily developed to fight Internet addiction but it can be useful for that purpose. The ex
perts judged that Time Control can address each second case of Internet addiction.
22
Automatic authentication processes are usual y based on human authentication factors
i. e. something the person owns like an identity card, something the persons knows like a
PIN or password and something the person is or does like a fingerprint. Authentication
processes that need to meet high security demands are often based on asymmetric cryp
tography like the digital signature. To the experts’ opinion automatic authentication proc
esses can avert more than one-third of cases of identity theft.
Antiphishing software is a special type of filter software meant to detect phishing attacks
and to inhibit them. The effectiveness is judged unequal y: while some experts see a high
degree of effectiveness between two-thirds of all cases, others do not believe that it can
reach more than one quarter.
Digital watermark technology7 might be a solution to
prevent copyright infringement. Watermark technolo
gy means the implementation of a piece of code in-
to digital content. To detect where the content is lo
cated, reduplicated and distributed, in addition a
monitoring tool is needed targeted to the recognition
of the watermark. It is assumed that one out of four
copyright infringements could be prevented by wa
termark technology.
7 - Source: http://www.copyrightinfo.eu/
23
Data persistence and data portability are not a priori to be seen as a risk. Both are of value
in case that it is necessary to ensure that data are unaltered and can be ported to another
system. Nevertheless, data persistence and data portability can cause problems to the us-
ers. Not everybody wants all personal data retrievably stored forever. As described above,
nearly all known technical tools are failing in regard to the risks of ‘unwanted’ data persist-
ence and data portability. Encoding can be a tool to prevent unwanted portability of data.
Encoding is the process of transforming information from one format into another. Before
the encoded data can be ported to another system and f. e. merged with other data, they
must be decoded. Thus encoding can help to prevent unwanted porting of data in around
half of all cases, according to the experts’ opinion. General y setting an expiration date for
all user generated content can slightly reduce the risk of data persistence in one quarter
of all cases; also an irremovable tag with an expiry date might improve the avoiding of un-
wanted data persistence. An invariably available option to delete personal data can help to
minimise the risk of unwanted reduplication in one out of five cases.
A so-cal ed AntiGrooming Engine8 is a tool combining several methods to detect unusual
conduct and thus prevent grooming attacks against children in chat rooms. The engine
works from a database containing profiles of usual conduct of real-life groomers and real-
life girls and boys. These profiles are built on an analysis of the communication in regard
to vocabulary, punctuation, sentence length, typing speed and aggression level. The pro-
files are regularly updated, and thus the engine shall be able to differentiate between
good relationships and bad ones. If there is evidence of a bad relationship, an alert is sent
to a responsible adult via SMS, email or a control panel on the PC. This tool is judged to
be effective in around two-fifth of all cases, which means that it is likely to be as effective
against grooming as monitoring and surveil ance.
© crisp Thinking Group Ltd.
8 - Source: http://www.crispthinking.com
24
C · Improvement of youth protection on the Internet
The suggestions to improve youth protection on the Internet identified by the YPRT are
related to the fol owing aspects:
• Measures to bring supportive technologies into effect efficiently
• Educational measures to be combined with supportive technologies, tailored to different
age groups
• General conditions of youth protection
The Toolkit developed by the Youth Protection Roundtable shall support the various stake
holders involved in the processes of service and content provision, hardware and software
development, parents‘ counsel ing, children‘s education, multipliers‘ training, and political
decision making, they are of the nature of suggestions and are certainly not to be under
stood as obligatory.
The proposed measures are clustered to the fol owing principles each of them addressing
varying stakeholders.
25
C 1 Improvement of supportive technologies
and infrastructures
Supportive technologies and infrastructures, f. e. filter software, databases, and
systems of identification and verification, available so far do not always unfold their
full potential for youth protection. It is therefore necessary to enhance their value
technical y, but also by co-operation between the various stakeholders involved in the
process, like service providers, hardware manufacturers and software developers,
research units and regulatory authorities. The Youth Protection Roundtable encourages
exploiting the potential of supportive technologies and also of infrastructures by tech-
nical y enhancing single solutions and by the optimisation of col aboration of different
supportive technologies. The Youth Protection Roundtable also encourages establishing
procedures for co-operation and sharing of resources between the stakeholders invol-
ved. The YPRT encourages those stakeholders to consider the fol owing improvements:
C 1.1 Regular up-date of blacklists and white lists
C 1.2 Implementation of already existing lists approved by national authorities and imple
mented in the respective country, f. e. the so-cal ed BPJM-Module in Germany
(n. b. to avoid misuse those lists shall never be available to the public)
C 1.3 Promotion of interoperability of classification systems
C 1.4 Promotion of user-based classification of content stored in a database to be
shared by any stakeholder interested to use it for ‘good’ purpose
C 1.5 Ensure that filtering activities are reported correctly in log files
C 1.6 Improvement of the usability of log files (software supported analysis of log files)
C 1.7 Promotion and improvement of learning software / artificial intel igence
C 1.8 Improvement of robustness of filter software regarding browsers
C 1.9 Ensure that supportive technologies work properly regardless of the device in use
to access the Internet (PC, mobile phone, game console, etc)
26
C 2 Improvement of usability of filter software
The effectiveness of filter software is largely affected by the ability of the users to
instal , configure and adapt the system to their own needs and social environment.
The Youth Protection Roundtable suggests improving the usability of filter software
by examination of the technical pre-conditions and settings of their usage and also by
explicitly taking into account comprehensibility and transparency of the filtering pro-
cess and decision.
C 2.1 Pre-instal ation of filter software on the hardware in use to access the Internet
(PC, game console or mobile device) or coming along with the service (preferably
switched on by default i. e. opt-out instead of opt-in)
C 2.2 Avoidance of conflicts with other software (e. g. anti-virus software)
C 2.3 Prevention of circumvention of filter software on the end-user device (e. g. pre
vent bypassing of filters by misspel ing, by using other languages, and prevent
bypassing by use of alternative infrastructure and networks)
C 2.4 Meeting the expectations of parents in regard
to instal ation and update procedures
In times of Web 2.0, the responsibili
ty of the providers grows to develop
C 2.5 Provision for comprehensible user dialogue
their services in order to minimise
and guidance with regard to the user‘s age
the risks for children and young peo
C 2.6 Ensure that the filtering decision is completely
ple. At the same time it is important
transparent and comprehensible for the user
to provide tools with parents and ed
with regard to the user‘s age
ucators for protecting children and
young people from harmful content
and inappropriate contacts. Support
ive technologies, like filtersoftware
for youth protection have to be im
proved to relieve parents and ease
the process of empowering their
children by teaching media literacy.
Mark Bootz, jugendschutz.net
27
C 2.7 Provision of information about the filtering processes, in detail
C 2.7.1 that filtering procedures are implemented
C 2.7.2 on which basis the filter software does work (e. g. blacklist or white list
of URLs or of words)
C 2.7.3 about the criteria for filtering
C 2.7.4 why a specific content has been filtered
C 2.7.5 about the estimated effectiveness of filter software in regard to the
various types of content and communication
C 2.7.6 how content blocking and filtering can be overruled
C 2.7.7 where complaints about unjustified blocking of content can be reported
C 2.8 Provision of easy to use tailoring mechanisms for filter software and information to
the users how they can adapt the filter to their own or their children’s needs
C 2.9 Provision for the option to import and export filter policies to ease the sharing of
policies for parents and teachers
C 2.10 Observance of the demand for consistency, transparency and comprehensibility in
regard to the filtering procedures – avoid esp. inconsistency of filtering results
Almost 30% of the reports received by our Internet safety Helpline concerns cyberbul ying
cases. Over the last two years in Poland we have been focusing our efforts on encouraging a
more responsible use of new technologies by young people. Parents seldom talk to their
children about how they are using Internet and mobile phone and often do not realize that
their child may as likely cyberbul y as be a target of cyberbul ying. Through nationwide educa
tional campaigns we are trying to raise awareness that family and school have an important
role to play in prevention and responding to cyberbul ying incidents.
Agnieszka Wrzesien,
´ Nobody’s Children Foundation
28
C 3 Improvement of Internet appliances – technologi-
cal basics and implementation of supportive
widgets to help users to protect themselves
Media literacy is the key to ensure the safe use of Internet appliances. Nevertheless
the educational efforts can be supported by technology, thus ensuring that codes of
practice for the users are continuously kept in mind and especial y unsafe or inappro-
priate action is avoided. In consideration
of technical feasibility the Youth Protec-
tion Roundtable proposes to improve the
safety of Internet appliances through the
implementation of supportive widgets to
help users to protect themselves.
C 3.1 Default setting of profiles on pri
vate (opt-in instead of opt-out)
C 3.2 Provision of support to the users
for password management, (i.e.
master question, reminder, soft
ware password sitter)
C 3.3 Provision of the possibility to re
move tags from own content and
from content generated by others tagging to my profile
C 3.4 Implementation of a report button on sites with user-generated content where
conflicts and harmful content might occur, delivering the reports preferably to al-
ready existing hotlines and helplines
C 3.5 Pop-Up or mouse-over effect with warning notes
in regard to disclosure of private information
“Are you sure this
C 3.6 Pop-Up or mouse-over effect with warning
picture shall be visible to
notes in regard to infringement of human rights /
everybody?”
defamation, f. e. when uploading pictures
29
C 3.7 Automatic deletion of content after date of expiry set by the user
C 3.8 Provision of a delete button on all sites with user-generated private data, al owing
the user to delete his own data (knowing well that content that was once pub
lished can not be deleted total y)
C 3.9 Enabling the tagging of user-generated content in regard to an expiry date to en
sure that content is deleted wherever it has been duplicated or moved
C 3.10 Provision of technical support to avert unwanted re-duplication of text and pictures
published online
C 3.11 Provision of the possibility for the user to remove GPS data from pictures before
uploading in order to avoid unintentional disclosure of location data
C 3.12 Ensure that passive localisation services by use of GPS data by third parties are
accomplishable only with permission of the owner
C 3.13 Provision of explicit information about the status of communication areas (public
or private)
C 3.14 Provision of word filtering for direct communication between users (forums,
ecards), where children are addressed directly
C 3.15 Provision of the option for parents to monitor the usage of their children in regard
to time, content and communication with respect of children’s privacy
C 3.16 Provision of the possibility to encrypt personal data within the application
C 3.17 Footprint for data of users who have already objected to the storage and use of their
data, to ensure that these data are not retrieved and stored again from another source
C 3.18 Text description for advertisement banners readable for word lists of filters
C 3.19 Involvement of the community in the process of development and implementation
of safety tools and policies
30
C 4 Agreement on policies for providers and operators
The Youth Protection Roundtable motivates content providers and operators to consi-
der the implementation of policies to ensure the safe use by children and young
people. These policies should be developed subject to their services and implemented
in accordance with their financial, technical and organisational capabilities.
C 4.1 Policy and procedures to fol ow user reports, esp. defini
tion of times for reaction, or take down where appropriate
C 4.2 Policy in regard to easy tracking and handling of user com
plaints
C 4.3 Policy in regard to human moderation for all areas of the
platform providing for direct communication with other users
C 4.4 Policy in regard to the promotion of help sites (e. g. when
someone searches for anorexia, help sites should be the
first results in the list)
© Pixelio
C 4.5 Policy in regard to co-operation
with welfare and help organisations
C 4.6
Adiconsum is engaged in youth media protection
Policy in regard to co-operation
between hotlines, law enforcement
supporting and protecting rights and interests of the
and providers
young users of the Net through the carrying out of
awareness raising campaigns among youngsters,
C 4.7 Policy in regard to storage, multipli-
parents and teachers on the responsible and safe
cation, and circulation of user data
use of Internet and new online technologies; the
drawing up of several brochures, guides and tools for
C 4.8 Policy in regard to advertisement
pupils and adults on online safety; a steady dialogue
and exchange of views with institutions, ICT compa
C 4.9 Agreement on independent or
nies and all other key stakeholders that directly or in
internal monitoring of the above
directly impact young people’s appropriate use of
mentioned policies
technological tools, reminding each of them of their
specific responsibilities in this area.
Paola Pendenza, Adiconsum
31
C 5 Digital literacy
The Youth Protection Roundtable supports the improvement of digital literacy of child-
ren and youths themselves and also of parents and persons in charge of minors. Digital
literacy means knowledge about digital media and supportive technologies for youth
protection and the ability to benefit from both. Empowerment is deemed the number
one protection shield for children and youths in the Infor-
mation Age. The Youth Protection Roundtable encourages
To protect children from harmful
supporting educational measures for the improvement
and inappropriate content, besides
of digital literacy with regard to all technical devices for
technical tools digital literacy and
Internet access and all supportive technologies.
empowerment is very important.
C 5.1 Improvement of digital literacy with regard to all tech-
Children can benefit from the huge
nical devices for Internet access (special attention to
opportunities the Internet provides
newly developing areas, at present i.e. mobile access)
only when they know how to chat
safely how to protect their own da
C 5.2 Improvement of digital literacy with regard to support
ta and when knowing websites that
ive technologies and the use of supportive widgets
are age appropriate and interesting.
InternetABC tends to empower
C 5.3 Improvement of digital literacy with regard to reporting
children, parents and educators to
of il egal, harmful or unwanted content and harassing
explore the Internet and avoid risks.
conduct to hotlines and helplines
Mechthild Appelhoff, Internet-ABC
C 5.4 Improvement of digital literacy with regard to critical
reflection of content
C 5.5 Improvement of digital literacy with regard to privacy and data protection
C 5.6 Set-up of an online school for safer Internet (website and online learning tools) in
strong co-operation with already existing online offers
C 5.7 Training for young Internet experts in schools and institutions for social youth work
C 5.8 Internet safety as a subject in school and moreover cross-over subjects imple
mentation of Internet safety aspects
C 5.9 Set-up of mediation processes to take care for bul ying victims and violators
32
C 5.10 Provide education for digital citizenship, i.e. to make use of the technology in an
autonomous and responsible way
C 5.11 Internet safety as a subject in teacher and social youth worker education
C 5.12 Provide training for mediators and moderators
C 5.13 Provide ‘headmaster training’, for those working at schools or other professionals
working with children and youths
C 5.14 Enable headmasters to set up a safety concept
at their school and to implement the require
ments of security, privacy, data protection and
digital literacy in all working processes
C 5.15 Develop and implement house rules regarding
the use of digital media in educational institu
tions and Public Internet Access Points involv
ing young people in the process of development
C 5.16 Provide appropriate material for the improve
ment of digital literacy in strong co-operation
with already existing offers
C 5.17 Motivate children and young people to engage in safer Internet matters, i. e. by
competitions, etc. and involve them in the development of material
The internet safety awareness work has been of great importance to The Mannerheim
League for Child Welfare. In order to bridge the digital divide between generations, MLL pur
sues to foster the dialogue between generations. An important aspect of the approach is to
familiarise adults with new forms of online and mobile methods of communication used by
young people and to increase the understanding of the possible risks and negative effects
they may induce. Thus, we have used young people as trainers to share their knowledge and
experiences with parents and teachers.
Sanna Harakkamäki , The Mannerheim League for Child Welfare
33
C 6 Awareness raising
For the empowerment of citizens in the information age awareness raising is crucial.
Sensitising for the risks and threats but also for the opportunities the Internet provi-
des for shall come as a matter of course. The Youth Protection Roundtable members
place special emphasis on positive impact of Internet usage on young peoples’
development and commit themselves to strong efforts for a broader awareness in all
groups of society regardless of age, gender and ethnicity.
C 6.1 Place special emphasis on positive impact of Internet usage on young peoples’
development
C 6.2 Realisation of information and awareness raising days, such as Safer Internet Day
involving young people
C 6.3 Provision of printed and online material targeted to
• children and youths
• adults in charge of minors
• persons with migratory backgrounds
• Internet service providers
• content providers
• providers of social community platforms
C 6.4 Initiation of awareness campaigns involving young people
C 6.5 Raising awareness for the option to report to hotlines and helplines
C 6.6 Raising awareness for education for digital citizenship
34
C 7 Research
Research builds the basis for the development of technical
tools and educational strategies. Therefore the Youth Pro-
tection Roundtable encourages supporting, promoting and
taking into consideration current research for all Internet
safety activities.
C 7.1 Support for quantitative and qualitative studies about
children’s and young people’s online behaviour
C 7.2 Promotion of available research and support for pan-European exchange of
researchers in the area of media
appropriation by children and
youths
Because of media convergence, youth media protection
will continue to gain in importance in the future. We be
C 7.3 Support studies on media adapta-
lieve that self regulation of companies is a key compo
tion of children and young people
nent in this respect, too. Over the last years, FSM togeth
er with their member companies have therefore
C 7.4 Formative evaluation of digital
developed various branchspecific codes of conduct in or
media use
der to meet the specific needs of youth media protection.
Sabine Frank, FSM Secretary General
C 8 Legal regulation
Based on already existing law and taking into account the differences in national law
and cultural environments the Youth Protection Roundtable proposes to harmonise and
concretise existing law and regulations regarding the definition of il egal content and
content harmful to children, data protection or rather in regard to regulation for the
right to delete user generated content and profiles generated by the user.
C 8.1 Regulation for the right to delete content and profiles generated by the user
C 8.2 Regulation for the right to privacy
C 8.3 Regulation for the prosecution of online offenders
C 8.4 Harmonisation of legal definition of il egal content
35
D · Resources
Code for the ChatCheck Badge by the Association of
Institute for Public Policy Research (ippr): Behind the
Danish Internet Media (2007)
Screen, the hidden life of youth online, March 2008
10-20
Comparing Children’s Online Activities and Risks
across Europe. A Preliminary Report Comparing Find
Internet Filters, a Public Policy Report by the Brennan
ings for Poland, Portugal and UK, June 2007
Center for Justice, 2006
Crisp Thinking Group Ltd. (2005). Anti-Grooming En
JFF – Institut für Medienpädagogik in Forschung und
gine™. Retrieved January 21, 2009 from http://www.
Praxis. Untersuchung der Akzeptanz des Jugendmedi
crispthinking.com/anti-grooming-engine.htm
enschutzes aus der Perspektive von Eltern, Jugendli
chen und pädagogischen Fachkräften. Eigenständige
ENISA - Children on virtual worlds – What parents
Teilstudie des JFF zur Analyse des Jugendmediens
should know, September 2008
chutzsystems, München, August 2007
ENISA - Photo Sharing, Wikis, Social Networks –Web
Luxembourg Safer Internet Helpline Project 2006,
2.0 and Malware 2.0, EU Agency issues Position Pa
para.1, Definition von Filtersoftware [Electronic ver
per on security for the next generation web, Decem
sion]. Retrieved January 21, 2009 from http://www.
ber 2008
lusi.lu/index.php?id=16&L=1
ENISA Position Paper No.1: Security Issues and Rec
Media Literacy – An Alternative to censorship by the
ommendations for Online Social Networks, October
Free Expression Policy Project, 2003
2007
Mercury Interactive Corporation (2004). SiteScope
ENISA - Technology-induced chal enges in Privacy &
User‘s Guide, Version 7.9.5.0. para. 14, Monitoring.
Data Protection in Europe, October 2008
Retrieved January 21, 2009 from http://mon15ny450.
doubleclick.net/SiteScope/docs/SiteScopeTerms.htm
Euro Media Literacy: Charter for Media Literacy
(2005)
Niedersächsische Landesmedienanstalt. Helmut Volp
ers (Hrsg.). Funktionsweise des Internets und sein
EurActiv.com (2008). Web 2.0: New opportunities,
Gefährdungspotenzial für Kinder und Jugendliche. Ein
new risks. Retrieved September 4, 2008 from
Handbuch zur Medienkompetenzvermittlung. NLM-
http://www.euractiv.com/en/infosociety/web-20
Band 17, 2004
new-opportunities-new-risks/article-171600
Ofcom. Social Networking. A quantitative and qualita
Eurobarometer (2006). Eurobarometer on Safer Inter
tive research report into attitudes, behaviours and
net: quantitative surveys 2005-2006. Retrieved Janu
use, April 2008
ary 27, 2009 from http://ec.europa.eu/information_so
ciety/activities/sip/eurobarometer/index_en.htm
Paris Agenda or 12 Recommendations for Media Edu
cation, Paris, UNESCO, 21-22 June 2007
Eurobarometer (2007). Eurobarometer on Safer Inter
net for Children: qualitative study 2007. Retrieved Jan
Photopatrol (2007). Mehr Schutz und Erfolg für Ihre
uary 21, 2009 from http://ec.europa.eu/information_
Bilder durch digitale Signaturen. Retrieved January 21,
society/activities/sip/eurobarometer/index_en.htm
2009 from http://www.photopatrol.eu/fileadmin/tem
plates/Hilfe_Texte/Informationen_ueber_Photopatrol_
Flash Eurobarometer survey (2008). Towards a Safer
Download_-_V.1.pdf
Use of the Internet for children in the EU - a parents’
perspective. Retrieved January 27, 2009 from http://
Protecting Children Using the Internet – Opinion by
ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sip/euro
the European and Social Committee, May 2008
barometer/index_en.htm
36
Public consultation of the European Commission in re
Universität Leipzig. Medienkonvergenz Monitoring Re
gard to Age Verification, Cross Media Rating and Clas
port 2008, Jugendliche in konvergierenden Medien
sification, Online Social Networking, July 2008
welten
Recommendation CM/Rec (2008) 6 of the Commit
Wikipedia Encyclopaedia (2009). Webmonitoring. Re
tee of Ministers to member states on measures to
trieved January 21, 2009 from http://de.wikipedia.org/
promote the respect for freedom of expression and
wiki/Webmonitoring
information with regard to Internet filters (May 2008)
Resolution on Children’s Online Privacy (30th Interna
tional Conference of Data Protection and Privacy
Commissioners – Strasbourg), October 17, 2008
Resolution on Privacy Protection in Social Network
Services (30th International Conference of Data Pro
tection and Privacy Commissioners – Strasbourg), Oc
tober 17, 2008
Safer Children in a Digital World – The report of the
Byron Review, March 2008
Schulen ans Netz e.V. IT works. Jugendmedienschutz
Filterlösungen im schulischen Umfeld, Bonn 2005
SIP Benchmark Synthesis Report 2007 Edition by
Deloitte Enterprise Risk Services, December 2007
SIP Benchmark Synthesis Report 2008 Edition by
Deloitte Enterprise Risk Services, November 2008
Good practice guidance for the providers of social net
working and other user interactive services 2008,
March 2008
Good Practice Guidance for Moderation of Interactive
Services for Children, December 2005
Good practice guidance for search service providers
and advice to the public on how to search safely, De
cember 2005
Good Practice Models and Guidance for the Internet
Industry On: Chat Services, Instant Messaging, Web
based Services, January 2003
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
signed 1989
37
E · Inventory of self-regulation
E 1 Organisations of self-regulation in Europe
Name of organisation type of
geograph- content-re- URL
organisation ical scope lated scope
Austrian E-Commerce
Association
Austria
web
http://www.guetezeichen.at/
Trust Mark
Internet Ombudsmann
Association
Austria
web
http://www.ombudsmann.at/
Asociace provozovatelu
˚
Association of
Czech
mobile
http://www.apms.cz/Default.
mobilních sítí
Mobile Network
Republic
aspx?ModuleId=379&ID=156
Operators
Sdružení pro internetovou
Association of
Czech
web
http://www.spir.cz
reklamu v CR
ˇ , z.s.p.o.
Internet adver-
Republic
(SPIR)
tising
Association of eCommerce Association
Czech
web
http://www.certifikovany-obchod.
Republic
cz/o-apek-certifikaci
Media Council for Children
Association
Denmark
movies
http://www.medieraadet.dk/
and Young People
European Internet
Association
Europe
web
http://network.foruminternet.org/
Coregulation Network
Interactive Software Fed-
Association of
Europe
interactive
http://www.isfe-eu.org/
eration of Europe (ISFE)
Companies
software
Freiwil ige Selbstkontrol e
Association of
Germany
web
www.fsm.de
Multimedia-Diensteanbi-
Companies
eter e.V.
Freiwil ige Selbstkontrol e
Association of
Germany
TV
www.fsf.de
Fernsehen e.V.
Companies
Spitzenorganisation der
Association of
Germany
movies
www.spio.de
Filmwirtschaft e.V.
Companies
Unterhaltungssoftware
Association of
Germany
interactive
www.usk.de
Selbstkontrol e
Companies
software
Deutscher Presserat
Association of
Germany
all media
http://www.presserat.de/
Companies
Deutscher Werberat
Association of
Germany
advertisement
http://www.werberat.de/
Companies
Freiwil ige Selbstkontrol e
Association of
Germany
http://www.fst-ev.org/
Telefonmehrwertdienste
Companies
e.V.
Beschwerdestel e / Deut-
Working group
Germany
web
http://www.eco.de/servlet/PB/
schland sicher im Netz
of Association of
menu/1020202_l1/index.html
Companies
38
Name of organisation type of
geograph- content-re- URL
organisation ical scope lated scope
ICRA Deutschland
Association of
Germany
web
http://www.eco.de/servlet/PB/
Companies
menu/1211767_l1/index.html
Kommission für
Authority
Germany
all media
http://www.kjm-online.de/public/
Jugendmedienschutz
kjm/
Bundesprüfstel e für
Federal Authority Germany
all media
http://www.bundespruefstel e.de/
jugendgefährdende Medien
Freiwil ige Selbstkontrol e
Association of
Germany
web
http://www.fsm.de/de/Chat
der Chatbetreiber
Companies
Automaten-Selbst-Kontrol e Association
Germany
interactive
http://www.automaten-selbstkon-
(ASK)
software
trol e.de
Arbeitsgemeinschaft der
Association
Germany
all media
http://www.alm.de
Landesmedienanstalten
(ALM)
Greek Self-Regulating
NGO
Greece
web
http://www.safenet.org.gr/
Organisation for Internet
Content - SAFENET
National Committee
Association
Italy
all media
http://www.agcom.it/cnu/
of Users (CNU)
ADUC - Associazione
Association for
Italy
all media
http://www.aduc.it/
per i Diritti degli Utenti
the Rights of
e Consumatori
Consumers
Netherlands Institute
Association of
Netherlands
all media
http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/
for the Classification of
Companies
Audio-visual Media
ECP.NL
Public-private not Netherlands
http://www.ecp.nl/
for profit organi-
sation
Stichting Reclame Code
Advertising Code Netherlands
advertisement
http://www.reclamecode.nl/
(SRC)
Foundation
Rada Reklamy (Advertising Polish Advertis-
Poland
advertisement
http://www.radareklamy.org
Council)
ing Industry
hotline Spletno oko
Non-profit project Slovenia
web
https://www.spletno-oko.si/
(Internet)
Slovenian Consumers’
Non-profit organi- Slovenia
all media
http://www.zps.si/
Association
sation (Consum-
ers’ rights using
Internet, mobile
phones and com-
puters)
APEK (Post and Electronic
Independent
Slovenia
all media
http://www.apek.si/
Communications Agency of Regulatory Body
the Republic of Slovenia)
(electronic com-
munications and
postal market)
39
Name of organisation type of
geograph- content-re- URL
organisation ical scope lated scope
Association Vita Activa
Association
Slovenia
all media
http://www.drustvo-vitaactiva.
si/401.html
Slovenian Advertising
Non-profit as-
Slovenia
advertisement
http://www.soz.si/
Chamber
sociation of legal
and physical per-
sons (companies
and individuals)
regulation of me-
dia advertising
Asociación Española de
Spanish Asso-
Spain
interactive
http://www.adese.es
Distribuidores y Editores
ciation of Editors
software
de Software de Entreten-
and Wholesalers
imiento
of Entertainment
Software
Asociación para la Autoreg-
Spanish advertis-
Spain
advertisement
http://www.autocontrol.es/
ulación de la Comunicación ing self-regula-
Comercial “Autocontrol”.
tion organisation
Agencia de Calidad de
Internet Quality
Spain
web
http://www.iqua.net
Internet
Agency
Internet Watch Foundation
Charity
UK
web
http://www.iwf.org.uk/
OFCOM - Office of
Public regulation
UK
all media
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/about/
Communication
Authority
csg/ofcom_board/code/
Home Office Task Force
Task Force
UK
web
http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/
on Child Protection on the
operational-policing/crime-disorder/
Internet
child-protection-taskforce
Family Online Safety
Association
UK
web
http://www.fosi.org/icra
Institute
40
E 2 Instruments of self-regulation in Europe
Name of instrument
type of
geograph- content-re- URL
document ical scope lated scope
Spam code of conduct of
Code of
Austria
web
http://www.ispa.at/downloads/COC_
ISPA
Conduct
spam_english.pdf
Journalists’ Code of
Code of
Cyprus
journalistic
http://www.mmc2000.net/docs/leggi/
Conduct
Conduct
ethics
CYPRUS.pdf
Kodex Etického Nákupu
Code of ethi-
Czech
mobile
http://www.vodafone.cz/pdf/kodex_
Vodafonu
cal purchase
Republic
cz.pdf
Etický kodex o užívání vere
ˇ -
Code of
Czech
gambling
http://web01.sazka.cz/LoterieAHry/
jných informacn
ˇ ích služeb
Conduct
Republic
docDetail.aspx?docid=19015601&docty
pro šíre
ˇ ní sázkových služeb
pe=ART&&cpi=1&highlight=etick_%20
kodex
Evropská Asociace Státních
Code of
Czech
web
http://www.sazka.cz/o-nas/vice-o-
Loteríi A Toto Spolecn
ˇ ostí
Conduct
Republic
sazka/zakony/kodex.php
Code for the ChatCheck
Code of
Denmark
web
http://www.fdim.dk/?pageid=52
Badge
Conduct
European Framework for
Framework
Europe
mobile
http://www.gsmworld.com/gsmeurope/
Safer Mobile Use by Young-
documents/eur.pdf
er Teenagers and Children
Rec. on measures to pro-
Recommen-
Europe
web
http://www.coe.int/
mote the freedom of expres- dations
sion and information with
regard to Internet filters
Journalists’ Code of
Code of
Europe
all media
http://www.presswise.org.uk
Conduct
Conduct
ISPA Code of Conduct
Code of
Europe
journalistic
http://www.ispa.org.za/code/code_of_
Conduct
ethics
conduct.shtml
Code of Conduct for search
Sub - Code
Germany
web
http://www.fsm.de/en/SubCoC_
engines / Verhaltenssubko-
of Conduct
Search_Engines
dex für Suchmaschinenanbi-
eter der FSM
Code of Conduct of Mobile
Sub - Code
Germany
mobile
http://www.fsm.de/en/Subcode_of_
Phone Service Providers in
of Conduct
Conduct_mobile
Germany for the Protection
of Minors Using Mobile
Phones
Code of Conduct of Chat
Sub - Code
Germany
web
http://www.fsm.de/inhalt.doc/Sub-
Providers in the FSM
of Conduct
Code_Chat.pdf
NICAMs regulations for
Sub -
Netherlands
all media
http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/
film, DVD, TV and Mobile
Statutes
Operators
Richtlijn voor chatrooms
Guidelines
Netherlands
web
http://www.chatinfo.nl/
Dutch Advertising Code
Code
Netherlands
advertisement
http://www.reclamecodecommissie.nl/
bijlagen/dutch_advertising_code.pdf
41
Name of instrument
type of
geograph- content-re- URL
document ical scope lated scope
Code of Ethics in
Code of
Poland
advertisement
http://www.radareklamy.pl/img_in//
Advertising
Conduct
PLIKI/Kodeks%20Etyki%20Rek-
lamy%20Eng.pdf
Slovenian Code of
Code of
Slovenia
advertisement
http://www.soz.si/oglasevalsko_razso-
Advertising Practice
Conduct
disce/slovenski_oglasevalski_kodeks/
Internet Service
Code of
South Africa
web
http://www.ispa.org.za/code/code_of_
Providers’ Association Code Conduct
conduct.shtml
of Conduct
Convenio Marco De
Agreement
Spain
web
not digital y available
Colaboración Para La
Promoción Del Uso Seguro
De Internet Por La Infancia Y
La Juventud
Código de autorregulación
Food adver-
Spain
advertisement
http://www.fiab.es/datos/1/PA-
de la publicidad de alimentos tising for
OS_1676.pdf
dirigida a menores, preven-
children and
ción de la obesidad y salud
obesity pre-
vention self-
regulation
code
Código de conducta de la
Code of
Spain
interactive
http://www.adese.es/web/criterios_au-
industria europea del soft-
Conduct
software
toregulacion.asp
ware interactivo relativo a la
clasificación por edades, el
etiquetado, la promoción y la
publicidad de productos de
software interactivo.
Código de Conducta
Code of
Spain
journalistic
http://www.autocontrol.es/pdfs/Cod_
Publicitaria
Conduct
ethics
conducta_publicitaria.pdf
Código Ético de Comercio
Code of
Spain
web
http://www.confianzaonline.org/codi-
Electrónico y Publicidad
Conduct
goetico/codigoetico.php
Interactiva
Código Deontológico para
Consum-
Spain
advertisement
http://www.aefj.es/template.php?id=91
Publicidad Infantil de la
ers Code of
Asociación Española de
Ethics
Fabricantes de Juguetes,
y Unión de Consumidores
de España
Código de Autorregulación
Self-regula-
Spain
TV
http://www.tvinfancia.es/Textos/Codi-
sobre contenidos televisivos tion code on
goAutorregulacion/Codigo.htm
e infancia.
TV content
for children
42
Name of instrument
type of
geograph- content-re- URL
document ical scope lated scope
Convenio de Autorregulación Self-regula-
Spain
web
http://www.aui.es/../biblio/documen-
para promover el buen uso
tion code for
tos/legislacion/proteccion_menores/
de Internet en España
the promo-
convenio/tex_conv.htm
tion of an ap-
propriate use
of Internet in
Spain
Código deontológico de
Internet
Spain
web
http://www.iqua.net/Codigos_de_con-
la Agencia de Calidad de
Quality
ducta/Codigo_de_conducta/?go=WWi
Internet
Agency Code
W6aWP3cIUyUj7fiM3LUP2TC+M0m3N
of Ethics
phIdSA2vOCaqmvpV3BPkG0o8
Convenio Marco De Colab-
Committ-
Spain
oración Para La Seguridad
ment
Del Menor
Code of Practice for the self- Code of
UK
mobile
http://www.mobilebroadbandgroup.
regulation of new forms of
Practice
com/content-code.pdf
content on mobiles
Self-regulatory Code for the
Code of
UK
mobile
http://www.mobilebroadband-
responsible sel ing of mobile Practice
group.com/documents/mbg_cop_
telephony
sm_250707_f.pdf
Industry Code of Practice
Code of
UK
mobile
http://www.mobilebroadbandgroup.
for the use of mobile phone
Practice
com/documents/UKCoP_location_
technology to provide pas-
servs_210706v_pub_clean.pdf
sive location services in
the UK
Good Practice Guidance for
Guidelines
UK
web
http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/news-
the Moderation of Interac-
and-publications/publication/operation-
tive Services for Children
al-policing/moderation-document-final.
pdf?view=Binary
Good practice guidance for
Guidelines
UK
web
http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/news-
search service providers and
and-publications/publication/operation-
advice to the public on how
al-policing/search-and-advice-public.
to search safely
pdf?view=Binary
Promoting Internet Safety
Guidelines
UK
web
http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/
Through Public Awareness
news-and-publications/publication/
Campaigns Guidance for
operational-policing/RealLifeExamples.
Using Real Life Examples
pdf?view=Binary
Involving Children or Young
People
Good Practice Models and
Guidelines
UK
web
http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/news-
Guidance for the Internet
and-publications/publication/operation-
Industry On: Chat Services,
al-policing/ho_model.pdf?view=Binary
Instant Messaging, Web-
based Services
Television Advertising of
Code
UK
advertisement
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/con-
Food and Drink Products to
docs/foodads_new/statement/
Children”
43
Name of instrument
type of
geograph- content-re- URL
document ical scope lated scope
BCAP Spread Betting Adver-
Code
UK
advertisement
http://www.cap.org.uk/NR/
tising Rules and BCAP Radio
rdonlyres/6C6CECA6-CCCB-44B7-
Advertising Code
A146-460D2726BC48/0/BCAPSpread-
BettingRadioAdvertisingRules.pdf
BCAP Rules on the Schedul-
Rules
UK
advertisement
http://www.asa.org.uk/NR/
ing of Advertising
rdonlyres/7F763788-6A51-4A73-
B35B-C60346FD5F6C/0/BCAPRule-
sontheSchedulingofTelevisionAdvertise-
ments_20080108.pdf
Advertising Standards Code
Code
UK
http://www.asa.org.uk/NR/
for Text Services
rdonlyres/3B4358E5-85CC-40EE-
A2DD-EE883BBABB6E/0/BCAPCode-
forTextServices_20080108.pdf
BCAP Guidance to Broad-
Guidelines
UK
TV
http://www.asa.org.uk/NR/rdon-
casters on the Regulation
lyres/D41345A2-31B5-4149-879B-
of Interactive Television
69A08A64879C/0/BCAP_Guidance_
Services
on_Interactive_TV.pdf
BCAP Advertising Guidance
Notes to
UK
advertisement
http://www.clearcast.co.uk/clearcast/
Notes
Guidlines
notes_of_guidance/Appendix+3+Guide
lines+for+Superimposed+Text+from+B
CAP+Guidance+on+Text+and+Subtitlin
g+in+Television.htm
Good practice guidance
Guidance
UK
web
http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/
for the providers of social
networking and other user
interactive services 2008
Editors’ Code of Practice
Code of
UK
journalistic
http://www.pcc.org.uk/
Practice
ethics
CAP and BCAP Gambling
Rules
UK
web
http://www.cap.org.uk/NR/
Advertising Rules and BCAP
rdonlyres/8C9D2140-EE00-424F-9E67-
Spread Betting Rules
CE1914B3DA71/0/FINALCAPBCAP-
GamblingRules.pdf
44
F · Inventory of legal regulation in Europe
EU
Youth Protection /
Source
Member Youth Media Protection
States
Austria
Pornografiegesetz
http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR12058546/
NOR12058546.pdf
9 different youth protection laws (including youth media http://www.bmwfj.gv.at/BMWA/Schwerpunkte/Jugend/Jugendschutz/default.
protection) of the Federal States
htm
Anti-Stalkinggesetz § 107a Strafgesetzbuch. Tatbestand http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?QueryID=Bundesnormen&Ges
der “beharrlichen Verfolgung“
etzesnummer=10002296
Belgium
Belgian Penal Code Articles 380 till 383
http://www.stopchildporno.be/index.php?pid=13
Bulgaria
Child protection Act from 03.04.2003
http://www.sacp.government.bg/index_en.htm
Cyprus
http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/eur/lxwecyp.htm
Czech
Act No. 359/1999 Coll., on the socio-legal protection of http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/engo/gender_odkazy-links_with_legislative
Republic
children, as amended (Act No. 501/2004 Coll., comes
into effect 1.1.2006)
Act No. 94/1963 on family
http://mujweb.cz/www/vaske/rodina.htm
Act No. 108/2006 on social services
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.details?p_lang=en&p_
country=CZE&p_classification=15.05&p_origin=COUNTRY&p_
sortby=SORTBY_COUNTRY
Act No. 218/2003 on legal responsibility of youth and
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/NISPAcee/UN-
judicature in cases of youth
PAN012622.pdf
Act No. 140/1961 Criminal law
http://web.mvcr.cz/archiv2008/prevence/priority/kszd/english.html
§ 205a „Receiving of child pornography“
§ 205b „Misuse of children for pornography produc-
tion“
Act No. 500/2004 Administrative law
http://www.nssoud.cz/default.aspx?cls=art&art_id=1
Denmark
The Marketing Practices Act No. 1389 of 21. December http://www.forbrug.dk/english/dco/lawsandacts/marketing-practises-act/
2005, latest amended in 2007
Radio and Television Broadcasting Act No. 338 of 11
http://www.kum.dk/sw4507.asp
April 2007
Estonia
Youth Work Act
http://www.hm.ee/index.php?148615
Juvenile Sanctions Act
http://www.hm.ee/index.php?149399
Hobby Schools Act
http://www.hm.ee/index.php?149396
Finland
Child Welfare Act from 05.08.1983
http://www.finlex.fi/pdf/saadkaan/E9830683.PDF
Act on the Classification of Audiovisual Programmes (L http://www.vet.fi/english/lait_kuvaohjelmien_tarkastaminen.php
775/2000) from 25.08.2000
Finish Government’s Child and Youth Policy Programme http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Julkaisut/2007/Lapsija_nuorisopolitiikan_
2007–2011 (Finish Ministry of Education)
kehittamisohjelma_2007-2011?lang=en
France
Penal code
http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/html/codes_traduits/code_penal_textan.htm
separate bills regarding youth protection for different
http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/
media. No specific regulation for youth media protec-
tion
45
EU
Youth Protection /
Source
Member Youth Media Protection
States
Germany
Youth Protection Act (2002)
http://www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/generator/Kategorien/Service/themen-
lotse,did=12862.html
Interstate Treaty for the Protection of Minors from
http://www.bmfsfj.de/bmfsfj/generator/Kategorien/Service/themen-
Harmful Content in the Media (2003)
lotse,did=12862.html
Greece
LAW NO. 1729 Combat against the spread of drugs,
http://www.unodc.org/enl/showDocument.do?documentUid=446&node=docs
protection of youth and other provisions
&country=GRE&cmd=add
Penal Code
http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaGreece.
pdf
separate bill for youth protection from the National Ra-
No source
dio and TV Council
General information on legal regulation
http://www.kep.gov.gr/portal/page/portal/MyNewPortal?lng=us
http://old.mfa.gr/english/greece/today/media/internet.html
Hungary
Act I of 1996
http://www.helsinki.hu/docs/Act%20I%20of%201996.pdf
on Radio and Television Broadcasting (Media Act)
Ireland
Criminal Justice Act 2008
http://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/markup.cgi?doc=/ie/legis/num_act/2008/a0708.ht
ml&query=Youth+Media+Protection&method=all
Italy
Codice del consumo (D.lgs. 206/2005)
http://www.altalex.com/index.php?idstr=39&idnot=33366
Gentiloni’s decree (against online pedo-pornographic
http://www.saferinternet.org/ww/en/pub/insafe/news/articles/0707/it3.htm
materials through a blocking filter on the basis of a na-
http://www.comunicazioni.it/361-381.html
tional black list provided by LEA to ISP (Italian Ministry http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/eur/lxweita.htm
of Communication)
Bill on video games
http://www.comunicazioni.it/binary/min_comunicazioni/news_eng/Parliamen-
tary%20Bill%20on%20Regulations%20for%20the%20Protection%20of%20
Children%20in%20Film%20Viewing%20and%20use%20of%20Videogames.
pdf
Personal Data Protection Code, Legislative Decree no.
http://www.garanteprivacy.it/garante/document?ID=1219452
196 dated 30 June 2003
Legislative Decree No. 345 Of 4 August 1999 Imple-
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/54507/65185/E99ITA01.htm
menting The Directive No. 94/33 EC On The Protection
Of Young People At Work
bill 6 February 2006, n. 38 against pedo- pornography
http://www.edri.org/edrigram/number5.1/italy_blocking
and child sex abuse (the bill affords also online aspect
of these issues),
bill 3 august 1998 n. 269 against child prostitution, child
pornography and sexual tourism
bill 15 February 1996 n. 66 on sex violence against
children
Latvia
Children’s Rights Protection Law
http://www.humanrights.lv/doc/latlik/bern.htm
Advertising Law (20.12.1999)
http://www.kp.gov.lv/uploaded_files/ENG/E_likumR.pdf
Youth Law
http://www.bm.gov.lv/eng/regulatory_enactment/regulatory_
enactment/?doc=10753
Lithuania
Law On Fundamentals Of Protection Of The Rights Of
http://www.litlex.lt/Litlex/Eng/Frames/Laws/Documents/359.HTM
The Child
46
EU
Youth Protection /
Source
Member Youth Media Protection
States
Luxem-
Loi sur la liberté d’expression dans les medias(Juni
http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/textescoordonnes/compilation/recueil_lois_spe-
bourg
2004): Chapitre V/Section 5: De la protection des mi-
ciales/MEDIAS.pdf
neurs
Malta
Criminal Code
http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/legislation/english/leg/vol_1/chapt9.pdf
Electronic Commerce Act: Article 25.1.i
http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/eur/lxwemal.htm
Broadcasting Code for the Protection of Minors
http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/Legislation/English/SubLeg/350/05.pdf
(Sept.2001) (350.05: subsidiary legislation on broadca-
sting act)
Nether-
Dutch Media Act
http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/eur/arch/ned/mediaact.pdf
lands
The Media Decree
http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/eur/arch/ned/mediadecree.pdf
Dutch Advertising Code: B: Code for advertising direc-
http://www.reclamecode.nl/bijlagen/dutch_advertising_code.pdf
ted at children or young people (Article 5 and 6)
Criminal Code; Article 240a
http://www.thefuturegroup.org/youwillbecaught/law_Netherlands.html
Poland
Polish Penal Code 202
http://www.internationalresourcecentre.org/missingkids/servlet/
PageServlet?LanguageCountry=en_X2&PageId=3428
http://www.era.int/domains/corpus-juris/public_pdf/polish_penal_code2.pdf
Portugal
http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/eur/lxwepor.htm
Romania
http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/eur/lxwerom.htm
Slovakia
http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/eur/lxweslw.htm
Slovenia
Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia; Article 56
http://www.up-rs.si/up-rs/uprs-eng.nsf/dokumentiweb/063E5907BE5B679CC1
256FB20037658C?OpenDocument
Public Media Act
http://www.mk.gov.si/si/postopki/mediji/vpis_v_register_tujih_dopisnikov_in_
dopisnistev/navodila_eng/?type=98
Spain
Ley Organica 1/1996 de 15/1/96
http://vlex.com/vid/ley-organica-codigo-penal-126987
Sweden
The Children’s Ombudsman Act
http://www.bo.se/adfinity.aspx?pageid=86
United
Protection of Children Act 1978 (England and Wales)
http://www.iwf.org.uk/police/page.22.htm
Kingdom
Sex Offences Act 2003 (SOA 2003):
http://www.iwf.org.uk/police/page.22.htm
Civic Government (Scotland) Act, 1982
http://www.iwf.org.uk/police/page.22.htm
Obscene Publications Act 1959 & 1964
http://www.iwf.org.uk/police/page.22.htm
Police and Justice Act 2006 (Section 39 and Schedule
http://www.iwf.org.uk/police/page.22.htm
11)
Public Order Act 1986
http://www.iwf.org.uk/police/page.22.htm
47
European regulation
Youth Protection /
Source
Youth Media Protection
Framework decision on combating the sexual exploitation of
http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33138.htm
children and child pornography
Green Paper: Protection of minors and human dignity in au-
http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l24030b.htm
diovisual and information services (from 1996)
Cybercrime Convention from 23.11.2001 (Council of Europe)
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.
asp?NT=185&CL=ENG
Stockholm Agenda for Action regarding child pornography
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/comp/child/standards/resolution/
from 1996
stockholm.htm
Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children
http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/policyandpublicaffairs/Europe/Brie-
against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual abuse, signed on the
fings/councilofeurope_wdf51232.pdf
25th October 2007
Communication (COM (2000) 890): Creating a safer informati-
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:5200
on society by improving the security of information infrastruc-
0DC0890:EN:HTML
tures and combating computer-related crime
Council Decision of 29 May 2000 to combat child pornogra-
http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33116.htm
phy on the Internet.
Joint action to combat trafficking in human beings and sexual
http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33072.htm
exploitation of children
Communication on Illegal and Harmful Content on the Inter-
http://www.copacommission.org/meetings/hearing3/eu.test.pdf
net (1996)
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
http://www.unicef.org/crc/
Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000)
http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33501.htm
Council framework Decision 2004/68/JHA of 22 December
http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33138.htm
2003 on combating the sexual exploitation of children and
child pornography
Television without Frontiers Directive (03.10.1989)
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/consleg/1989/
L/01989L0552-19970730-en.pdf
Audiovisual Media Services Directive (11 December 2007)
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.
do?uri=CELEX:32007L0065:EN:NOT
48
Project co-ordinator
Please contact us
Stiftung Digitale Chancen
Managing Director
Jutta Croll
Fasanenstraße 3
10623 Berlin
Tel.: ++49-30-43727730
Fax: ++49-30-43727739
email: jcrol @digitale-chancen.de
Project Manager
Katharina Kunze
Fasanenstraße 3
10623 Berlin
Tel.: ++49-30-43727740
Fax: ++49-30-43727739
email: kunze@yprt.eu
Project within the Safer Internet Programme
of the European Commission
Funded by
© Youth Protection Roundtable – Stiftung Digitale Chancen 2009
Design and Layout: Barbara Kloth, Hamburg
