Physics
Physical Setting/
Physics
Core Curriculum
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
T H E S TAT E E D U C AT I O N D E PA RT M E N T
http://www.emsc.nysed.gov
THE UNIVERSITY O F THE STATE O F NEW YORK
Regents of The University
CARL T. HAYDEN, Chancellor, A.B., J.D. ............................................................................Elmira
ADELAIDE L. SANFORD, Vice Chancellor, B.A., M.A., P.D. .................................................Hollis
DIANE O’NEILL MCGIVERN, B.S.N., M.A., Ph.D. . ..............................................................Staten Island
SAUL B. COHEN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. .....................................................................................New Rochelle
JAMES C. DAWSON, A.A., B.A., M.S., Ph.D. .......................................................................Peru
ROBERT M. BENNETT, B.A., M.S. ........................................................................................Tonawanda
ROBERT M. JOHNSON, B.S., J.D. .........................................................................................Huntington
ANTHONY S. BOTTAR, B.A., J.D. .........................................................................................North
Syracuse
MERRYL H. TISCH, B.A., M.A. ............................................................................................New York
ENA L. FARLEY, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. .....................................................................................Brockport
GERALDINE D. CHAPEY, B.A., M.A., Ed.D...........................................................................Belle Harbor
ARNOLD B. GARDNER, B.A., LL.B........................................................................................Buffalo
CHARLOTTE K. FRANK, B.B.A., M.S.Ed., Ph.D. ..................................................................New York
HARRY PHILLIPS, 3rd, B.A., M.S.F.S. ...................................................................................Hartsdale
JOSEPH E. BOWMAN, JR., B.A., M.L.S., M.A., M.Ed., Ed.D ...............................................Albany
LORRAINE A. CORTÉS-VÁZQUEZ, B.A., M.P.A......................................................................Bronx
President of The University and Commissioner of Education
RICHARD P. MILLS
Chief Operating Officer
RICHARD H. CATE
Deputy Commissioner for Elementary, Middle, Secondary, and Continuing Education
JAMES A. KADAMUS
Assistant Commissioner for Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment
ROSEANNE DEFABIO
Assistant Director for Curriculum and Instruction
ANNE SCHIANO
The State Education Department does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, religion, creed, dis-
ability, marital status, veteran status, national origin, race, gender, genetic predisposition or carrier sta-
tus, or sexual orientation in its educational programs, services, and activities. Portions of this publica-
tion can be made available in a variety of formats, including braille, large print or audio tape, upon
request. Inquiries concerning this policy of nondiscrimination should be directed to the Department’s
Office for Diversity, Ethics, and Access, Room 152, Education Building, Albany, NY 12234.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
Core Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Process Skills Based on Standards 1, 2, 6, and 7 . . .6
Process Skills Based on Standard 4 . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Standard 4: The Physical Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Physics
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The State Education Department acknowledges the assistance of teachers and school administrators from across
New York State and the Physics Mentor Network. In particular, the State Education Department would like to thank:
Joseph M. Akramoff
Columbia High School, East Greenbush
George Amann
F. D. Roosevelt High School, Hyde Park
Angela Cigna-Lukaszewski
Syosset High School, Syosset/Hofstra University
Bernadine Hladik Cook
Johnstown High School, Johnstown
Michael Herzog
Hilton Central School, Hilton
Elizabeth Hokanson
Niskayuna High School, Niskayuna
Dennis Hulbert
Plattsburgh High School, Plattsburgh
Jim Iak
Rush Henrietta High School, Henrietta
Michael Jabot
Oneida High School, Oneida
Reuben James
SUNY Oneonta, Oneonta
Randy Jenkins
Scotia-Glenville Schools, Scotia
Terese Keogh
Manhasset High School, Manhasset
Robert Kruckeberg
Phillip Randolph High School, New York
William Leacock
W. C. Mepham High School, Bellmore
Edmond Nurse
High School of Transit Technology, Brooklyn
Carl Preske
G. Ray Bodley High School, Fulton
Theodore Reiss
Monroe-Woodbury High School, Central Valley
Charlene Rydgren
Franklin Academy High School, Malone
Valerie J. Suter
Arlington High School, LaGrangeville
Andrew Telesca, Jr.
Johnson City High School, Johnson City/Binghamton University
Virginia Trombley
Au Sable Valley High School, Clintonville
Butch Weir
Oneonta High School, Oneonta
Joseph Zawicki
Elba Central School, Elba
The Physical Setting/Physics Core Curriculum was reviewed by many teachers and administrators across the State.
The State Education Department thanks those individuals who provided feedback both formally and informally.
The project manager for the development of the Physical Setting/Physics Core Curriculum was Diana K. Harding,
Associate in Science Education, with content and assessment support provided by Mary Oliver, Associate in
Educational Testing. Elise Russo, Associate in Science Education, provided additional support. Special thanks go to
Jan Christman for technical expertise and to Joe Zawicki for preliminary drafts of the document.
iv
Physics
Physical Setting/
Physics
Core Curriculum
2
Physics
PREFACE
This Physical Setting/Physics Core Curriculum is intended to be a catalyst for significant change in the teaching of
high school physics. The primary focus of the classroom experience should be on the development of higher
order process skills. The content becomes the context and the vehicle for the teaching of these skills rather than
an end in itself.
This Physical Setting/Physics Core Curriculum has been
ately been built into the year to permit students to
written to assist teachers and supervisors as they pre-
examine these topics in greater depth or investigate
pare curriculum, instruction, and assessment for the
new areas of physics. This time facilitates the inclusion
physics content and process skills of the New York
of experiences supporting analysis, inquiry, intercon-
State Learning Standards for Mathematics, Science, and
nectedness, and problem solving. The focus on concep-
Technology. This core curriculum, including the skills
tual understanding in the guide is consistent with the
section, should be seen as part of a continuum that
approaches recommended in the National Science
elaborates the science content of Standard 4. The
Education Standards and Benchmarks of Science Literacy:
Learning Standards for Mathematics, Science, and
Project 2061.
Technology identifies key ideas and performance indica-
tors. This document should serve as the basis for local
Misconceptions greatly influence learning. Students
curriculum development by providing insight for the
may internalize new ideas, but if the learning is incor-
interpretation and implementation of the core under-
porated into incorrect assumptions or ideas, the learn-
standings. Key ideas are broad, unifying, general state-
ing is superficial and of doubtful value. Educational
ments of what students need to know. The performance
research has shown that students typically learn best by
indicators for each key idea are statements of what stu-
moving from the concrete to the abstract; learning is
dents should be able to do to provide evidence that
enhanced through the use of manipulatives and hands-
they understand the key idea. As part of this contin-
on activities. Teachers can dramatically influence learn-
uum, this core curriculum presents major understand-
ing by providing constructive feedback and by
ings and skills that give specific detail to the concepts
maintaining appropriately rigorous expectations.
underlying each performance indicator.
Science for All Americans: Project 2061 makes several rec-
This core curriculum guide is not a syllabus. It
ommendations that foster effective science teaching.
addresses the content and process skills as applied to
The use of inquiry is central to scientific thought and
the rigor and relevancy to be assessed by the in the
therefore an extremely powerful teaching tool in the
Physical Setting/Physics Regents Examination. The
physics classroom. Real-world questions to focus the
focus of the examination is the application of skills to
attention of the student, active student involvement,
real-world situations. The core curriculum has been
and the collection and use of evidence are essential
prepared with the assumption that the content as out-
components of effective science teaching. Since science
lined in the Learning Standards for Mathematics, Science,
is a collaborative process, the use of teams (cooperative
and Technology at the elementary and intermediate lev-
learning groups) is encouraged. It is important to
els has been taught previously. This is a guide for the
encourage curiosity and to support academic growth,
preparation of commencement-level curriculum,
especially for female and minority students who have
instruction, and assessment, the final stage in a K–12
been underrepresented in physics.
continuum of science education. Teachers should recog-
nize that what is found in this document (including the
It is essential that instruction focus on student under-
core content and skills sections) is the minimum content
standings, mathematical relationships, processes,
to be assessed. Teachers are expected to provide for
mechanisms, and the application of concepts. Students,
horizontal and vertical enrichment. This core curricu-
in attaining scientific literacy, will be able to provide
lum has specifically been constructed to permit the
explanations in their own words, exhibiting creative
exploration of the richness of physics. Time has deliber-
problem solving, reasoning, and informed decision
Physics
3
making. Future assessments will access students’
concurrently with Leibniz, developed calculus as a tool
ability to explain, analyze, and interpret physics
for the solution of problems within physics.
processes and phenomena and generate science
inquiry. The general nature of the statements in this
Subatomic Investigations
guide will encourage the teaching of science under-
On a microscopic level, a relationship between electric-
standing instead of emphasizing the memorization of
ity and magnetism was demonstrated by the induction
facts. The major understandings in this guide permit
of voltage in a conductor passing through a magnetic
teachers a large degree of flexibility, making rich and
field. Electrolysis was explored; studies established a
creative instruction possible, and allowing for
proportionality between current and the mass of a sub-
multifaceted assessment.
stance generated at an electrode. Radium was discov-
ered; the existence of three types of radiation—alpha,
The order of presentation and numbering of all state-
beta, and gamma rays—was demonstrated. Evidence
ments in this guide are not meant to indicate any
for both a wave nature and a quantum nature of light
recommended sequence of instruction. Ideas have not
was generated during the latter half of the 19th century.
been prioritized, nor have they been organized to indi-
The birth of quantum mechanics is fundamental to
cate teaching time allotments or test weighting.
understanding the ability of light to exhibit both
Teachers are encouraged to find and elaborate for stu-
particle and wave characteristics.
dents the conceptual cross-linkages that interconnect
many of the key ideas to each other and to other mathe-
Cosmic Developments
matics, science, and technology learning standards.
Observations at the cosmic scale continued as a red
shift in the light reaching us from distant galaxies was
Historical Context:
discovered; the implications of an expanding universe
If I have seen further it is by standing on the
intrigued scientists around the world. The understand-
shoulders of giants.
ing of gravity was refined early in the 20th century
— Sir Isaac Newton,
when Albert Einstein introduced both special and gen-
From a letter to Robert Hooke,
eral theories of relativity. Einstein’s proposal that space
dated 5 February 1676.
and time are intimately and indivisibly linked fostered
a spate of activity in theoretical physics.
Throughout history new understandings of real-world
phenomena resulted from extensions of the work of
The Transistor Age
previous generations. Newton’s statement reflects his
The development of the computer is clearly a signifi-
belief that his work in mechanics and calculus would
cant event in the history of science. The invention of
have been impossible without the solid foundation
transistors spirited in a second generation of mini-com-
established by both his colleagues and predecessors.
puters and a wide range of electronic devices and
All physics courses should foster an appreciation of the
applications.
major developments that significantly contributed to
advancements in the field.
The laws of physics apply from the subatomic through
the cosmic levels, an idea whose development can be
Greek Origins
traced through the history of the science. The contribu-
The foundations of physics can be traced back to the
tions of Democritus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Faraday,
ancient Greeks (600–200 BC), who sought order within
Maxwell, Planck, Curie, Hubble, Einstein, Heisenberg,
the physical events that were understood as either
Schrödinger, Feynman, Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley
chaotic or mystical. The idea of atoms as the fundamen-
provide insights to pivotal moments in our field. The
tal particles of matter had a major influence over much
physics of today is based upon the achievements of the
of the scientific investigation that occurred over the
past. Students should appreciate the significance of
course of the next few centuries.
these accomplishments and teachers should foster this
appreciation.
The Foundations of Mechanics
On the macroscopic level, the significance of air resis-
Laboratory Requirements: The use of scientific inquiry
tance on falling objects was established. The enuncia-
is critical to understanding science concepts and the
tion of the Three Laws of Planetary Motion applied
development of explanations of natural phenomena. As
mathematical relationships at the planetary level. Sir
a prerequisite for admission to the Physical
Isaac Newton, using this new vantage point, concluded
Setting/Physics Regents Examination students must
that a new force, gravity, was the basis for general laws
have successfully completed a minimum of 1200 min-
of motion as well as universal gravitation. Newton,
utes of hands-on laboratory experience with
4
Physics
satisfactory laboratory reports on file. Due to the strong
It is recommended that each school district comply
emphasis on student development of laboratory skills,
with local, State, and federal codes and regulations
a minimum of 280 minutes/week of class and labora-
regarding facilities and fire and safety issues.
tory time is recommended.
Systems of Units: SI (International System) units are
Prior to the written portion of the Regents examination,
used in this core curriculum. SI units are a logical
students will be required to complete laboratory perfor-
extension of the metric system. The SI system begins
mance tasks during which concepts and skills from
with seven fundamental units, from which all other
Standards 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 will be assessed.
units are derived. In addition to the standard funda-
mental and derived units of the SI system (kilogram,
The Laboratory Setting: Laboratory safety dictates that
meter, joule, volt), other units commonly used in
a minimum amount of space be provided for each
physics (centimeter, kilometer) are also employed.
individual student. According to the National Science
Teachers Association and the American Association of
Uncertainty of Measurements and Significant
Physics Teachers, recommended space considerations
Figures: It is an important concept in physics that all
include:
measurements contain some uncertainty. The reporting
• A minimum of 60 ft2/pupil (5.6m2) which is equiv-
of such data uses significant figures to inform the
alent to 1440 ft2 (134m2) to accommodate a class of
reader of the uncertainty of the measurement. When
24 safely in a combination laboratory/classroom.
these values are used in calculations, it is vital that
answers to such calculations are not misleading, and
Or,
hence, rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division should be followed.
• A minimum of 45 ft2/pupil (4.2m2) which is equiv-
alent to 1080 ft2 (101m2) to accommodate a class of
24 safely in a stand-alone laboratory.
Physics
5
PROCESS SKILLS
BASED ON STANDARDS 1, 2, 6, AND 7
Science process skills should be based on a series of discoveries. Students learn most effectively when they have a central role
in the discovery process. To that end, Standards 1, 2, 6, and 7 incorporate in the Physical Setting/ Physics Core
Curriculum a student-centered, problem-solving approach to physics. It should be a goal of the instructor to encourage sci-
ence process skills that will provide students with the background and curiosity to investigate important issues in the world
around them.
This section denotes the types and depth of the process skills the students should practice throughout the school year. These
process skills are an integral part of all core-based curricula. This implies that students should already have a foundation in
these skills. The physics teacher reinforces these process skills by creating new situations for the student to investigate in the
context of physics. During assessments, students will be presented with new situations to analyze and new problems to solve
using these process skills.
In the same vein of facilitating student learning within an authentic context, students will be expected to apply the SI
(International System) system of units. SI units are used in this core curriculum. The SI system begins with fundamental
units, from which all other units are derived. In addition to the standard fundamental and derived units of the SI system
(such as kilogram, meter, joule, and volt), other units such as centimeters and kilometers are commonly employed.
Quantity
Fundamental Units
Symbol
length
meter
m
mass
kilogram
kg
time
second
s
electric current
ampere
A
temperature
kelvin
K
amount
mole
mol
luminous intensity
candela
cd
Note: the use of e.g. denotes examples which may be used for in-depth study. The terms for example and such as denote
material which is testable. Items in paranthesis denote further definition of the word(s) preceding the item and are testable.
STANDARD 1
STANDARD 1—Analysis, Inquiry, and Design
Analysis, Inquiry,
Students will use mathematical analysis, scientific inquiry, and engineering design, as
and Design
appropriate, to pose questions, seek answers, and develop solutions.
MATHEMATICAL
ANALYSIS:
Key Idea 1:
Abstraction and symbolic representation are used to communicate mathematically.
M1.1 Use algebraic and geometric representations to describe and compare data.
• use scaled diagrams to represent and manipulate vector quantities
• represent physical quantities in graphical form
• construct graphs of real-world data (scatter plots, line or curve of best fit)
• manipulate equations to solve for unknowns
• use dimensional analysis to confirm algebraic solutions
Key Idea 2:
Deductive and inductive reasoning are used to reach mathematical conclusions.
M2.1 Use deductive reasoning to construct and evaluate conjectures and arguments, recog-
nizing that patterns and relationships in mathematics assist them in arriving at these
conjectures and arguments.
• interpret graphs to determine the mathematical relationship between the
variables
6
Physics
STANDARD 1
Key Idea 3:
Analysis, Inquiry,
Critical thinking skills are used in the solution of mathematical problems.
and Design
M3.1 Apply algebraic and geometric concepts and skills to the solution of problems.
• explain the physical relevance of properties of a graphical representation of real-
MATHEMATICAL
world data, e.g., slope, intercepts, area under the curve
ANALYSIS:
continued
STANDARD 1
Key Idea 1:
Analysis, Inquiry,
The central purpose of scientific inquiry is to develop explanations of natural phenom-
and Design
ena in a continuing, creative process.
• develop extended visual models and mathematical formulations to represent an
SCIENTIFIC
understanding of natural phenomena
INQUIRY:
• clarify ideas through reasoning, research, and discussion
• evaluate competing explanations and overcome misconceptions
Key Idea 2:
Beyond the use of reasoning and consensus, scientific inquiry involves the testing of
proposed explanations involving the use of conventional techniques and procedures
and usually requiring considerable ingenuity.
S2.1 Devise ways of making observations to test proposed explanations.
• design an experiment to investigate the relationship between physical
phenomena
S2.2 Refine research ideas through library investigations, including electronic informa-
tion retrieval and reviews of the literature, and through peer feedback obtained
from review and discussion.
S2.3 Develop and present proposals including formal hypotheses to test explanations; i.e.,
predict what should be observed under specific conditions if the explanation is true.
S2.4 Carry out a research plan for testing explanations, including selecting and devel-
oping techniques, acquiring and building apparatus, and recording observations
as necessary. (Note: This could apply to many activities from simple investigations to
long-term projects.)
Key Idea 3:
The observations made while testing proposed explanations, when analyzed using con-
ventional and invented methods, provide new insights into phenomena.
S3.1 Use various means of representing and organizing observations (e.g., diagrams,
tables, charts, graphs, and equations) and insightfully interpret the organized data.
• use appropriate methods to present scientific information (e.g., lab reports,
posters, research papers, or multimedia presentations)
• identify possible sources of error in data collection and explain their effects on
experimental results
S3.2 Apply statistical analysis techniques when appropriate to test if chance alone
explains the result.
• examine collected data to evaluate the reliability of experimental results, includ-
ing percent error, range, standard deviation, line of best fit, and the use of the
correct number of significant digits
S3.3 Assess correspondence between the predicted result contained in the hypothesis
and the actual result, and reach a conclusion as to whether or not the explanation
on which the prediction was based is supported.
S3.4 Based on the results of the test and through public discussion, revise the
explanation and contemplate additional research. (Note: Public discussion may
include lab partners, lab groups, classes, etc.)
Physics
7
STANDARD 1
Key Idea 1:
Analysis, Inquiry,
Engineering design is an iterative process involving modeling and optimization (finding
and Design
the best solution within given constraints) which is used to develop technological
solutions to problems within given constraints. (Note: The design process could apply to
ENGINEERING
activities from simple investigations to long-term projects.)
DESIGN:
T1.1 Students engage in the following steps of a design process:
§ initiate and carry out a thorough investigation of an unfamiliar situa-
tion and identify needs and opportunities for technological invention or
innovation
§ identify, locate, and use a wide range of information resources, and doc-
ument through notes and sketches how findings relate to the problem
§ generate creative solutions, break ideas into significant functional ele-
ments, and explore possible refinements; predict possible outcomes,
using mathematical and functional modeling techniques; choose the
optimal solution to the problem, clearly documenting ideas against
design criteria and constraints; and explain how human understand-
ings, economics, ergonomics, and environmental considerations have
influenced the solution
§ develop work schedules and working plans which include optimal use
and cost of materials, processes, time, and expertise; construct a model
of the solution, incorporating developmental modifications while
working to a high degree of quality (craftsmanship)
§ devise a test of the solution according to the design criteria and perform
the test; record, portray, and logically evaluate performance test results
through quantitative, graphic, and verbal means. Use a variety of cre-
ative verbal and graphic techniques effectively and persuasively to pre-
sent conclusions, predict impacts and new problems, and suggest and
pursue modifications
STANDARD 2
Students will access, generate, process, and transfer information, using appropriate technologies.
STANDARD 2
Key Idea 1:
Information technology is used to retrieve, process, and communicate information as a
INFORMATION
tool to enhance learning.
SYSTEMS:
1.1
Understand and use the more advanced features of word processing, spreadsheets,
and database software.
1.2
Prepare multimedia presentations demonstrating a clear sense of audience and
purpose. (Note: Multimedia may include posters, slides, images, presentation software,
etc.)
• extend knowledge of physical phenomena through independent investigation,
e.g., literature review, electronic resources, library research
• use appropriate technology to gather experimental data, develop models, and
present results
1.3
Access, select, collate, and analyze information obtained from a wide range of
sources such as research databases, foundations, organizations, national libraries,
and electronic communication networks, including the Internet.
• use knowledge of physics to evaluate articles in the popular press on
contemporary scientific topics
1.4
Utilize electronic networks to share information.
8
Physics
STANDARD 2
1.5
Model solutions to a range of problems in mathematics, science, and technology,
using computer simulation software.
INFORMATION
• use software to model and extend classroom and laboratory experiences, recog-
SYSTEMS:
nizing the differences between the model used for understanding and real-
world behavior
continued
Key Idea 2:
Knowledge of the impacts and limitations of information systems is essential to its
effective and ethical use.
Key Idea 3:
Information technology can have positive and negative impacts on society, depending
upon how it is used.
STANDARD 6—Interconnectedness: Common Themes
Students will understand the relationships and common themes that connect mathematics, science, and technology
and apply the themes to these and other areas of learning.
STANDARD 6
Key Idea 1:
Through systems thinking, people can recognize the commonalities that exist among all
Interconnectedness:
systems and how parts of a system interrelate and combine to perform specific
Common Themes
functions.
1.1
Define boundary conditions when doing systems analysis to determine what
SYSTEMS
influences a system and how it behaves.
THINKING:
STANDARD 6
Key Idea 2:
Interconnectedness:
Models are simplified representations of objects, structures, or systems used in analysis,
Common
explanation, interpretation, or design.
Themes
2.1
Revise a model to create a more complete or improved representation of the
system.
MODELS:
2.2
Collect information about the behavior of a system and use modeling tools to
represent the operation of the system.
• use observations of the behavior of a system to develop a model
2.3
Find and use mathematical models that behave in the same manner as the
processes under investigation.
• represent the behavior of real-world systems, using physical and mathematical
models
2.4 Compare predictions to actual observations, using test models.
• validate or reject a model based on collated experimental data
• predict the behavior of a system, using a model
Physics
9
STANDARD 6
Key Idea 3:
Interconnectedness:
The grouping of magnitudes of size, time, frequency, and pressures or other units of
Common
measurement into a series of relative order provides a useful way to deal with the
Themes
immense range and the changes in scale that affect the behavior and design of systems.
3.1
Describe the effects of changes in scale on the functioning of physical, biological, or
MAGNITUDE AND
designed systems.
SCALE:
3.2
Extend their use of powers of ten notation to understanding the exponential
function and performing operations with exponential factors.
• estimate quantitative results, using orders of magnitude
• simplify calculations by using scientific notation
STANDARD 6
Key Idea 4:
Interconnectedness:
Equilibrium is a state of stability due either to a lack of change (static equilibrium) or a
Common
balance between opposing forces (dynamic equilibrium).
Themes
4.1
Describe specific instances of how disturbances might affect a system’s equilib-
rium, from small disturbances that do not upset the equilibrium to larger
EQUILIBRIUM AND
disturbances (threshold level) that cause the system to become unstable.
STABILITY:
4.2 Cite specific examples of how dynamic equilibrium is achieved by equality of
change in opposing directions.
STANDARD 6
Key Idea 5:
Interconnectedness:
Identifying patterns of change is necessary for making predictions about future
Common
behavior and conditions.
Themes
5.1
Use sophisticated mathematical models, such as graphs and equations of various
algebraic or trigonometric functions.
PATTERNS OF
• predict the behavior of physical systems, using mathematical models such as
CHANGE:
graphs and equations
5.2
Search for multiple trends when analyzing data for patterns, and identify data that
do not fit the trends.
• deduce patterns from the organization and presentation of data
• identify and develop models, using patterns in data
STANDARD 6
Key Idea 6:
Interconnectedness:
In order to arrive at the best solution that meets criteria within constraints, it is often
Common
necessary to make trade-offs.
Themes
• determine optimal solutions to problems that can be solved using quantitative
methods
OPTIMIZATION:
10
Physics
STANDARD 7—Interdisciplinary Problem Solving
Students will apply the knowledge and thinking skills of mathematics, science, and technology to address real-life
problems and make informed decisions.
STANDARD 7
Key Idea 1:
Interdisciplinary
The knowledge and skills of mathematics, science, and technology are used together to
Problem
make informed decisions and solve problems, especially those relating to issues of sci-
Solving
ence/technology/society, consumer decision making, design, and inquiry into
phenomena.
CONNECTIONS:
• address real-world problems, using scientific methodology
STANDARD 7
Key Idea 2:
Interdisciplinary
Solving interdisciplinary problems involves a variety of skills and strategies, including
Problem
effective work habits; gathering and processing information; generating and analyzing
Solving
ideas; realizing ideas; making connections among the common themes of mathematics,
science, and technology; and presenting results.
STRATEGIES:
• collect, analyze, interpret, and present data, using appropriate tools
• If students participate in an extended, culminating mathematics, science, and
technology project, then students should:
§ work effectively
§ gather and process information
§ generate and analyze ideas
§ observe common themes
§ realize ideas
§ present results
Physics
11
PROCESS SKILLS
BASED ON STANDARD 4
Science process skills should be based on a series of discoveries. Students learn most effectively when they have a central role in
the discovery process. To that end, Standards 1, 2, 6, and 7 incorporate a student-centered, problem-solving approach to
physics. This list is not intended to be an all-inclusive list of the content or skills that teachers are expected to incorporate into
their curriculum. It should be a goal of the instructor to encourage science process skills that will provide students with the
background and curiosity to investigate important issues in the world around them.
Note: the use of e.g. denotes examples which may be used for in-depth study. The terms for example and such as denote
material which is testable. Items in parantheses denote further definition of the word(s) preceding the item and are testable.
STANDARD 4—The Physical Setting
Students will understand and apply scientific concepts, principles, and theories pertaining to the physical setting
and living environment and recognize the historical development of ideas in science.
STANDARD 4
Key Idea 4:
The Physical
Energy exists in many forms, and when these forms change energy is conserved.
Setting
4.1
Observe and describe transmission of various forms of energy.
i.
describe and explain the exchange among potential energy, kinetic energy,
and internal energy for simple mechanical systems, such as a pendulum, a
roller coaster, a spring, a freely falling object
ii.
predict velocities, heights, and spring compressions based on energy conservation
iii. determine the energy stored in a spring
iv.
determine the factors that affect the period of a pendulum
v.
observe and explain energy conversions in real-world situations
vi. recognize and describe conversions among different forms of energy in real or
hypothetical devices such as a motor, a generator, a photocell, a battery
vii. compare the power developed when the same work is done at different rates
viii. measure current and voltage in a circuit
ix. use measurements to determine the resistance of a circuit element
x.
interpret graphs of voltage versus current
xi. measure and compare the resistance of conductors of various lengths and
cross-sectional areas
xii. construct simple series and parallel circuits
xiii. draw and interpret circuit diagrams which include voltmeters and ammeters
xiv. predict the behavior of lightbulbs in series and parallel circuits
xv. map the magnetic field of a permanent magnet, indicating the direction of the
field between the N (north-seeking) and S (south-seeking) poles
4.3
Explain variations in wavelength and frequency in terms of the source of the vibra-
tions that produce them, e.g., molecules, electrons, and nuclear particles.
i.
compare the characteristics of two transverse waves such as amplitude, fre-
quency, wavelength, speed, period, and phase
ii.
draw wave forms with various characteristics
iii. identify nodes and antinodes in standing waves
iv.
differentiate between transverse and longitudinal waves
v.
determine the speed of sound in air
vi. predict the superposition of two waves interfering constructively and
destructively (indicating nodes, antinodes, and standing waves)
vii. observe, sketch, and interpret the behavior of wave fronts as they reflect,
refract, and diffract
viii. draw ray diagrams to represent the reflection and refraction of waves
ix. determine empirically the index of refraction of a transparent medium
12
Physics
STANDARD 4
Key Idea 5:
The Physical
Energy and matter interact through forces that result in changes in motion.
Setting
5.1
Explain and predict different patterns of motion of objects (e.g., linear and uniform
circular motion, velocity and acceleration, momentum and inertia).
continued
i.
construct and interpret graphs of position, velocity, or acceleration versus
time
ii. determine and interpret slopes and areas of motion graphs
iii. determine the acceleration due to gravity near the surface of Earth
iv.
determine the resultant of two or more vectors graphically or algebraically
v.
draw scaled force diagrams using a ruler and a protractor
vi. resolve a vector into perpendicular components both graphically and alge-
braically
vii. sketch the theoretical path of a projectile
viii. use vector diagrams to analyze mechanical systems (equilibrium and non-
equilibrium)
ix. verify Newton’s Second Law for linear motion
x. determine the coefficient of friction for two surfaces
xi. verify Newton’s Second Law for uniform circular motion
xii. verify conservation of momentum
xiii. determine a spring constant
5.3
Compare energy relationships within an atom’s nucleus to those outside the
nucleus.
i.
interpret energy-level diagrams
ii. correlate spectral lines with an energy-level diagram
Physics
13
STANDARD 4: The Physical Setting
Students will understand and apply scientific concepts, principles, and theories pertaining to the physical
setting and living environment and recognize the historical development of ideas in science.
Key Idea 4:
Energy exists in many forms, and when these forms change energy is conserved.
The law of conservation of energy provides one of the basic keys to understanding the universe. The fundamental
tenet of this law is that the total mass-energy of the universe is constant; however, energy can be transferred in
many ways. Historically, scientists have treated the law of conservation of matter and energy separately. All energy
can be classified as either kinetic or potential. When work is done on or by a system, the energy of the system
changes. This relationship is known as the work-energy theorem.
Energy may be transferred by matter or by waves. Waves transfer energy without transferring mass. Most of the
information scientists gather about the universe is derived by detecting and analyzing waves. This process has been
enhanced through the use of digital analysis. Types of waves include mechanical and electromagnetic. All waves
have the same characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors, subject to the constraints of conservation of energy.
Note: the use of e.g. denotes examples which may be used for in-depth study. The terms for example and such as denote
material which is testable. Items in parantheses denote further definition of the word(s) preceding the item and are testable.
PERFORMANCE Students can observe and describe transmission of various forms of energy.
INDICATOR 4.1
Major Understandings:
4.1a All energy transfers are governed by the law of conservation of energy.*
4.1b Energy may be converted among mechanical, electromagnetic, nuclear, and ther-
mal forms.
4.1c Potential energy is the energy an object possesses by virtue of its position or
condition. Types of potential energy include gravitational* and elastic*.
4.1d Kinetic energy* is the energy an object possesses by virtue of its motion.
4.1e In an ideal mechanical system, the sum of the macroscopic kinetic and potential
energies (mechanical energy) is constant.*
4.1f In a nonideal mechanical system, as mechanical energy decreases there is a
corresponding increase in other energies such as internal energy.*
4.1g When work* is done on or by a system, there is a change in the total energy* of the
system.
4.1h Work done against friction results in an increase in the internal energy of the system.
4.1i Power* is the time-rate at which work is done or energy is expended.
(Note: Items with asterisks* require quantitative treatment per the Reference Table for Physics. Asterisks following individual words refer to the
preceding word or phrase only; asterisks appearing after the final period of a sentence refer to all concepts or ideas presented in the sentence.)
14
Physics
4.1j Energy may be stored in electric* or magnetic fields. This energy may be trans-
PERFORMANCE
ferred through conductors or space and may be converted to other forms of energy.
INDICATOR 4.1
4.1k Moving electric charges produce magnetic fields. The relative motion between a
continued
conductor and a magnetic field may produce a potential difference in the conductor.
4.1l All materials display a range of conductivity. At constant temperature, common
metallic conductors obey Ohm’s Law*.
4.1m The factors affecting resistance in a conductor are length, cross-sectional area,
temperature, and resistivity.*
4.1n A circuit is a closed path in which a current* can exist. (Note: Use conventional
current.)
4.1o Circuit components may be connected in series* or in parallel*. Schematic dia-
grams are used to represent circuits and circuit elements.
4.1p Electrical power* and energy* can be determined for electric circuits.
PERFORMANCE Students can explain variations in wavelength and frequency in terms of the source of the
INDICATOR 4.3 vibrations that produce them, e.g., molecules, electrons, and nuclear particles.
Major Understandings:
4.3a An oscillating system produces waves. The nature of the system determines the
type of wave produced.
4.3b Waves carry energy and information without transferring mass. This energy may
be carried by pulses or periodic waves.
4.3c The model of a wave incorporates the characteristics of amplitude, wavelength,*
frequency*, period*, wave speed*, and phase.
4.3d Mechanical waves require a material medium through which to travel.
4.3e Waves are categorized by the direction in which particles in a medium vibrate
about an equilibrium position relative to the direction of propagation of the wave, such
as transverse and longitudinal waves.
4.3f Resonance occurs when energy is transferred to a system at its natural frequency.
4.3g Electromagnetic radiation exhibits wave characteristics. Electromagnetic waves
can propagate through a vacuum.
4.3h When a wave strikes a boundary between two media, reflection*, transmission,
and absorption occur. A transmitted wave may be refracted.
4.3i When a wave moves from one medium into another, the wave may refract due to a
change in speed. The angle of refraction (measured with respect to the normal) depends
on the angle of incidence and the properties of the media (indices of refraction).*
4.3j The absolute index of refraction is inversely proportional to the speed of a wave.*
Physics
15
PERFORMANCE
4.3k All frequencies of electromagnetic radiation travel at the same speed in a vacuum.*
INDICATOR 4.3
4.3l Diffraction occurs when waves pass by obstacles or through openings. The wave-
continued
length of the incident wave and the size of the obstacle or opening affect how the wave
spreads out.
4.3m When waves of a similar nature meet, the resulting interference may be explained
using the principle of superposition. Standing waves are a special case of interference.
4.3n When a wave source and an observer are in relative motion, the observed fre-
quency of the waves traveling between them is shifted (Doppler effect).
Key Idea 5:
Energy and matter interact through forces that result in changes in motion.
Introduction: Fundamental forces govern all the interactions of the universe. The interaction of masses is deter-
mined by the gravitational force; the interaction of charges is determined by the electro-weak force; the interaction
between particles in the nucleus is controlled by the strong force. Changes in the motion of an object require a force.
Newton’s laws can be used to explain and predict the motion of an object.
On the atomic level, the quantum nature of the fundamental forces becomes evident. Models of the atom have been
developed to incorporate wave-particle duality, quantization, and the conservation laws. These models have been
modified to reflect new observations; they continue to evolve.
Everyday experiences are manifestations of patterns that repeat themselves from the subnuclear to the cosmic level.
Models that are used at each level reflect these patterns. The future development of physics is likely to be derived
from these realms.
PERFORMANCE Students can explain and predict different patterns of motion of objects (e.g., linear and uniform
INDICATOR 5.1 circular motion, velocity and acceleration, momentum and inertia).
Major Understandings:
5.1a Measured quantities can be classified as either vector or scalar.
5.1b A vector may be resolved into perpendicular components.*
5.1c The resultant of two or more vectors, acting at any angle, is determined by vector
addition.
5.1d An object in linear motion may travel with a constant velocity* or with acceleration*.
(Note: Testing of acceleration will be limited to cases in which acceleration is constant.)
5.1e An object in free fall accelerates due to the force of gravity.* Friction and other
forces cause the actual motion of a falling object to deviate from its theoretical motion.
(Note: Initial velocities of objects in free fall may be in any direction.)
5.1f The path of a projectile is the result of the simultaneous effect of the horizontal and
vertical components of its motion; these components act independently.
5.1g A projectile’s time of flight is dependent upon the vertical component of its motion.
16
Physics
5.1h The horizontal displacement of a projectile is dependent upon the horizontal com-
PERFORMANCE
ponent of its motion and its time of flight.
INDICATOR 5.1
5.1i According to Newton’s First Law, the inertia of an object is directly proportional to
continued
its mass. An object remains at rest or moves with constant velocity, unless acted upon by
an unbalanced force.
5.1j When the net force on a system is zero, the system is in equilibrium.
5.1k According to Newton’s Second Law, an unbalanced force causes a mass to accelerate*.
5.1l Weight is the gravitational force with which a planet attracts a mass*. The mass of
an object is independent of the gravitational field in which it is located.
5.1m The elongation or compression of a spring depends upon the nature of the spring
(its spring constant) and the magnitude of the applied force.*
5.1n Centripetal force* is the net force which produces centripetal acceleration.* In uni-
form circular motion, the centripetal force is perpendicular to the tangential velocity.
5.1o Kinetic friction* is a force that opposes motion.
5.1p The impulse* imparted to an object causes a change in its momentum*.
5.1q According to Newton’s Third Law, forces occur in action/reaction pairs. When one
object exerts a force on a second, the second exerts a force on the first that is equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction.
5.1r Momentum is conserved in a closed system.* (Note: Testing will be limited to momen-
tum in one dimension.)
5.1s Field strength* and direction are determined using a suitable test particle. (Notes:
1)Calculations are limited to electrostatic and gravitational fields. 2)The gravitational field near
the surface of Earth and the electrical field between two oppositely charged parallel plates are
treated as uniform.)
5.1t Gravitational forces are only attractive, whereas electrical and magnetic forces can
be attractive or repulsive.
5.1u The inverse square law applies to electrical* and gravitational* fields produced by
point sources.
Physics
17
Students can compare energy relationships within an atom’s nucleus to those outside the
PERFORMANCE nucleus.
INDICATOR 5.3
Major Understandings:
5.3a States of matter and energy are restricted to discrete values (quantized).
5.3b Charge is quantized on two levels. On the atomic level, charge is restricted to mul-
tiples of the elementary charge (charge on the electron or proton). On the subnuclear
level, charge appears as fractional values of the elementary charge (quarks).
5.3c On the atomic level, energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete packets called
photons.*
5.3d The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency.*
5.3e On the atomic level, energy and matter exhibit the characteristics of both waves
and particles.
5.3f Among other things, mass-energy and charge are conserved at all levels (from sub-
nuclear to cosmic).
5.3g The Standard Model of Particle Physics has evolved from previous attempts to
explain the nature of the atom and states that:
• atomic particles are composed of subnuclear particles
• the nucleus is a comglomeration of quarks which manifest themselves as pro-
tons and neutrons
• each elementary particle has a corresponding antiparticle
5.3h Behaviors and characteristics of matter, from the microscopic to the cosmic levels,
are manifestations of its atomic structure. The macroscopic characteristics of matter,
such as electrical and optical properties, are the result of microscopic interactions.
5.3i The total of the fundamental interactions is responsible for the appearance and
behavior of the objects in the universe.
5.3j The fundamental source of all energy in the universe is the conversion of mass into
energy.*
18
Physics
APPENDIX A
Standards 1, 2, 6, & 7 Checklist
The Standards 1, 2, 6, & 7 Process Skills Checklist is intended to be a tool for curriculum development. These
process skills should be incorporated into all core-based science curricula. These skills are not tied to specific con-
tent in the core, but should be practiced throughout the school year. During assessments, students will be presented
with new situations to analyze and new problems to solve using these process skills.
Standard 1: Analysis, Inquiry, and Design
Students will use mathematical analysis, scientific inquiry, and engineering design, as appropriate, to pose
questions, seek answers, and develop solutions.
Mathematical Analysis
Skill
"
Comment
Key Idea 1: Abstraction and symbolic representation are used to communicate
mathematically.
M1.1 Use algebraic and geometric representations to describe and compare data.
• Use scaled diagrams to represent and manipulate vector quantities.
• Represent physical quantities in graphical form.
• Construct graphs of real-world data (scatter plots, line or curve of best fit).
• Manipulate equations to solve for unknowns.
• Use dimensional analysis to confirm algebraic solutions.
Key Idea 2: Deductive and inductive reasoning are used to reach mathematical
conclusions.
M2.1 Use deductive reasoning to construct and evaluate conjectures and arguments,
recognizing that patterns and relationships in mathematics assist them in
arriving at these conjectures and arguments.
• Interpret graphs of real world data to determine the mathematical relationship
between the variables.
Key Idea 3: Critical thinking skills are used in the solution of mathematical problems.
M3.1 Apply algebraic and geometric concepts and skills to the solution of problems.
• Explain the physical relevance of properties of a graphical representation
of real-world data, e.g., slope, intercepts, area under the curve.
Physics
19
Scientific Inquiry
Skill
"
Comment
Key Idea 1: The central purpose of scientific inquiry is to develop explanations
of natural phenomena in a continuing, creative process. Students:
• develop extended visual models and mathematical formulations to represent an
understanding of natural phenomena
• clarify ideas through reasoning, research, and discussion
• evaluate competing explanations and overcome misconceptions
Key Idea 2: Beyond the use of reasoning and consensus, scientific inquiry involves the
testing of proposed explanations involving the use of conventional techniques
and procedures and usually requiring considerable ingenuity. Students:
S2.1 Devise ways of making observations to test proposed explanations.
• Design an experiment to investigate the relationship between physical phenomena.
S2.2 Refine research ideas through library investigations, including electronic
information retrieval and reviews of the literature, and through peer feedback
obtained from review and discussion.
S2.3 Develop and present proposals including formal hypotheses to test
explanations; i.e., predict what should be observed under specific
conditions if the explanation is true.
S2.4 Carry out a research plan for testing explanations, including selecting and
developing techniques, acquiring and building apparatus, and recording
observations as necessary. (Note: This could apply to many activities from
simple investigations to long-term projects.)
Key Idea 3: The observations made while testing proposed explanations, when analyzed
using conventional and invented methods, provide new insights into phenomena.
Students:
S3.1 Use various means of representing and organizing observations (e.g., diagrams,
tables, charts, graphs, equations, and matrices) and insightfully interpret the
organized data.
• Use appropriate methods to present scientific information
(e.g., lab reports, posters, research papers, or multimedia presentations).
• Identify possible sources of error in data collection and explain their effects
on experimental results.
S3.2 Apply statistical analysis techniques when appropriate to test if chance
alone explains the result.
• Examine collected data to evaluate the reliability of experimental results,
including percent error, range, standard deviation, line of best fit, and
the use of the correct number of significant digits.
S3.3 Assess correspondence between the predicted result contained in the
hypothesis and the actual result, and reach a conclusion as to whether or
not the explanation on which the prediction was based is supported.
S3.4 Based on results of the test and through public discussion, they revise the
explanation and contemplate additional research. (Note: Public discussion
may include lab partners, lab groups, classes, etc.)
20
Physics
Engineering Design
Skill
"
Comment
Key Idea 1: Engineering design is an iterative process involving modeling and
optimization (finding the best solution within given constraints) which is used to
develop technological solutions to problems within given constraints. Students:
T1.1 Engage in the following steps of a design process:
• Initiate and carry out a thorough investigation of an unfamiliar situation and
identify needs and opportunities for technological invention or innovation.
• Identify, locate, and use a wide range of information resources, and
document through notes and sketches how findings relate to the problem.
• Generate creative solutions, break ideas into significant functional
elements, and explore possible refinements; predict possible outcomes,
using mathematical and functional modeling techniques; choose the
optimal solution to the problem, clearly documenting ideas against
design criteria and constraints; and explain how human understandings,
economics, ergonomics, and environmental considerations have influenced
the solution.
• Develop work schedules and working plans which include optimal use and
cost of materials, processes, time, and expertise; construct a model of the solution,
incorporating developmental modifications while working to a high degree of
quality (craftsmanship).
• Devise a test of the solution according to the design criteria and perform the
test; record, portray, and logically evaluate performance test results through
quantitative, graphic, and verbal means. Use a variety of creative verbal and
graphic techniques effectively and persuasively to present conclusions, predict
impacts and new problems, and suggest and pursue modifications.
Physics
21
Standard 2: Information Systems
Students will access, generate, process, and transfer information, using appropriate technologies.
Skill
"
Comment
Key Idea 1: Information technology is used to retrieve, process, and communicate
information technology as a tool to enhance learning. Students:
1.1
Understand and use the more advanced features of word processing,
spreadsheets, and database software.
1.2
Prepare multimedia presentations demonstrating a clear sense of audience and
purpose.
• Extend knowledge of physical phenomena through independent
investigation, e.g., literature review, electronic resources, library research.
• Use appropriate technology to gather experimental data, develop models,
and present results.
1.3
Access, select, collate, and analyze information obtained from a wide range of
sources such as research databases, foundations, organizations, national
libraries, and electronic communication networks, including the Internet.
• Use knowledge of physics to evaluate articles in the popular press on
contemporary scientific topics.
1.4
Utilize electronic networks to share information.
1.5
Model solutions to a range of problems in mathematics, science, and technology,
using computer simulation software.
• Use software to model and extend classroom and laboratory experiences,
recognizing the differences between the model used for understanding and real-
world behavior.
Key Idea 2: Knowledge of the impacts and limitations of information systems is
essential to its effective and ethical use.
Key Idea 3: Information technology can have positive and negative impacts
on society, depending on how it is used.
22
Physics
Standard 6: Interconnectedness: Common Themes
Students will understand the relationships and common themes that connect mathematics, science, and technology
and apply the themes to these and other areas.
Systems Thinking
Skill
"
Comment
Key Idea 1: Through systems thinking, people can recognize the commonalities
that exist among all systems and how parts of a system interrelate and
combine to perform specific functions. Students:
1.1
Define boundary conditions when doing systems analysis to determine what
influences a system and how it behaves.
Models
Skill
"
Comment
Key Idea 2: Models are simplified representations of objects, structures, or systems
used in analysis, explanation, interpretation, or design. Students:
2.1
Revise a model to create a more complete or improved representation of the
system.
2.2
Collect information about the behavior of a system and use modeling tools to
represent the operation of the system.
• Observations of the behavior of a system can be used to develop a model.
2.3
Find and use mathematical models that behave in the same manner as the
processes under investigation.
• Physical and mathematical models represent the behavior of real-world systems.
2.4
Compare predictions to actual observations, using test models.
• Experimental data can be collected to either validate or reject a model.
• A model can be used to predict the behavior of a system.
Magnitude and Scale
Skill
"
Comment
Key Idea 3: The grouping of magnitudes of size, time, frequency, and pressures or
other units of measurement into a series of relative order provides a useful
way to deal with the immense range and the changes in scale that affect the
behavior and design of systems. Students:
3.1
Describe the effects of changes in scale on the functioning of physical,
biological, or designed systems.
3.2
Extend their use of powers of ten notation to understanding the exponential
function and performing operations with exponential factors.
• Orders of magnitude are used to estimate quantitative results.
• Scientific notation is used to simplify calculations.
Physics
23
Equilibrium and Stability
Skill
"
Comment
Key Idea 4: Equilibrium is a state of stability due either to a lack of changes
(static equilibrium) or a balance between opposing forces (dynamic
equilibrium). Students:
4.1
Describe specific instances of how disturbances might affect a system’s
equilibrium, from small disturbances that do not upset the equilibrium to
larger disturbances (threshold level) that cause the system to become unstable.
4.2
Cite specific examples of how dynamic equilibrium is achieved by equality of
change in opposing directions.
Patterns of Change
Skill
"
Comment
Key Idea 5: Identifying patterns of change is necessary for making predictions
about future behavior and conditions. Students:
5.1
Use sophisticated mathematical models, such as graphs and equations of
various algebraic or trigonometric functions.
• Mathematical models such as graphs and equations can be used to predict the
behavior of physical systems.
5.2
Search for multiple trends when analyzing data for patterns, and identify
data that do not fit the trends.
• Patterns can be deduced from the organization and presentation of the data.
• Patterns in data can be used to identify and develop models.
Optimization
Skill
"
Comment
Key Idea 6: In order to arrive at the best solution that meets criteria within
constraints, it is often necessary to make trade-offs. Students:
• Determine optimal solutions to problems that can be solved using quantitative
methods.
24
Physics
Standard 7: Interdisciplinary Problem Solving
Students will apply the knowledge and thinking skills of mathematics, science, and technology to address real-life
problems and make informed decisions.
Connections
Skill
"
Comment
Key Idea 1: The knowledge and skills of mathematics, science, and technology are
used together to make informed decisions and solve problems, especially those
relating to issues of science/technology/society, consumer decision making,
design, and inquiry into phenomena.
• Physics can be used in solving problems on many scales, e.g., local, national,
and global.
• Scientific methodology is used to solve real-world problems.
Strategies
Skill
"
Comment
Key Idea 2: Solving interdisciplinary problems involves a variety of skills and
strategies, including effective work habits; gathering and processing
information; generating and analyzing ideas; realizing ideas; making
connections among the common themes of mathematics, science, and
technology; and presenting results.
• Collect, analyze, interpret, and present data, using appropriate tools.
• If students participate in an extended, culminating mathematics, science,
and technology project, then the students should:
§ work effectively
§ gather and process information
§ generate and analyze ideas
§ observe common themes
§ realize ideas
§ present results
Physics
25
APPENDIX B
Standard 4 Process Skills Checklist
The Standard 4 Process Skills Checklist is intended to be a tool for curriculum development. These process skills
should be incorporated into core-based physics curricula. These skills are tied to specific content in the core. During
assessments, students will be presented with new situations to analyze and new problems to solve using these process
skills.
Mechanics
The student will be able to:
"
Comment
construct and interpret graphs of position, velocity, or acceleration versus time
determine and interpret slopes and areas of motion graphs
determine the acceleration due to gravity near the surface of Earth
determine the resultant of two or more vectors graphically or algebraically
draw scaled force diagram using a ruler and protractor
resolve a vector into perpendicular components: both graphically and algebraically
sketch the theoretical path of a projectile
use vector diagrams to analyze mechanical systems (equilibrium and nonequilibrium)
verify Newton’s Second Law for linear motion
determine the coefficient of friction for two surfaces
verify Newton’s Second Law for uniform circular motion
verify conservation of momentum
determine a spring constant
Energy
The student will be able to:
"
Comment
describe and explain the exchange between potential energy, kinetic energy, and
internal energy for simple mechanical systems, such as a pendulum, a roller
coaster, a spring, a freely falling object
predict velocities, heights, and spring compressions based on energy conservation
determine the energy stored in a spring
determine the factors that affect the period of a pendulum
observe and explain energy conversions in real-world situations
recognize and describe conversions among different forms of energy in real or
hypothetical devices such as a motor, a generator, a photocell, a battery
compare the power developed when the same work is done at different rates
26
Physics
Electricity and Magnetism
The student will be able to:
"
Comment
measure current and voltage in a circuit
use measurements to determine the resistance of a circuit element
interpret graphs of voltage versus current
measure and compare the resistance of conductors of various lengths and
cross-sectional areas
construct simple series and parallel circuits
draw and interpret circuit diagrams which include voltmeters and ammeters
predict the behavior of lightbulbs in series and parallel circuits
map the magnetic field of a permanent magnet, indicating the direction of the field
between the N (north-seeking) and S (south-seeking) poles
Waves
The student will be able to:
"
Comment
compare the characteristics of two transverse waves such as amplitude,
frequency, wavelength, speed, period, and phase
draw wave forms with various characteristics
identify nodes and antinodes in standing waves
differentiate between transverse and longitudinal waves
determine the speed of sound in air
predict the superposition of two waves interfering constructively and
destructively (indicating nodes, antinodes, and standing waves)
observe, sketch, and interpret the behavior of wave fronts as they reflect,
refract, and diffract
draw ray diagrams to represent the reflection and refraction of waves
determine empirically the index of refraction of a transparent medium
Modern Physics
The student will be able to:
"
Comment
interpret energy-level diagrams
correlate spectral lines with an energy-level diagram
Physics
27
APPENDIX C
Process Skills Connections
The process skills connections table has been designed to assist teachers in curriculum writing and lesson planning.
Real-world connections have been identified only to assist teachers in planning and are not meant to limit the scope
of the content connections or to link these connections to any assessment.
Mechanics
Process Skills
(The student will be able to…)
Core Reference
Real-World
Application
construct and interpret graphs of position, velocity, or acceleration
5.1d, 5.1e
Global Positioning
versus time (5.1i)
Systems (GPS),
track and field
determine and interpret slopes and areas of motion graphs (5.1ii)
5.1d,
mathematical
5.1e, 5.1i
slopes, calculus
determine the acceleration due to gravity near the surface of Earth (5.1iii)
5.1e, 5.1l,
weights, bungee
5.1t
jumping, skydiving
determine the resultant of two or more vectors graphically or algebraically
5.1b-d, 5.1p-t
navigation (e.g.,
(5.1iv)
boats, planes, …)
draw scaled force diagrams, using a ruler and a protractor (5.1v)
5.1b-d, 5.1p-t
building design
(stress analysis),
cranes, picture
hangers
resolve a vector into perpendicular components: both graphically and
5.1b-d, 5.1p-t
push lawn mower,
algebraically (5.1vi)
amusement park
wave swing
sketch the theoretical path of a projectile (5.1vii)
5.1f-h
tennis, soccer,
golf, archery
use vector diagrams to analyze mechanical systems (equilibrium and
5.1b-d, 5.1p-t
cars, elevators,
nonequilibrium) (5.1viii)
5.1i-l
tightrope
walker, apparent
weightlessness
(micro-gravity)
verify Newton’s Second Law for linear motion (5.1ix)
5.1d, 5.1k
space shuttle,
cruise control
determine the coefficient of friction for two surfaces (5.1x)
4.1f-h, 5.1e
skidding on
driving surfaces,
ice skating,
Teflon surfaces,
sledding
verify Newton’s Second Law for uniform circular motion (5.1xi)
5.1i, 5.1n
amusement park
rides (e.g.,
merry-go-rounds)
28
Physics
Energy
Process Skills
(The student will be able to…)
Core Reference
Real-World
Application
verify conservation of momentum (5.1xii)
5.1p-r
car crashes, balls,
bats
determine a spring constant (5.1xiii)
5.1m
car suspension
systems, rubber
bands, spring
scales
describe and explain the exchange between potential energy, kinetic energy,
4.1a-h
skiing,
and internal energy for simple mechanical systems, such as a pendulum,
skateboarding
a roller coaster, a spring, a freely falling object (4.1i)
predict velocities, heights, and spring compressions
4.1c, 4.1e,
diving board,
based on energy conservation (4.1ii)
4.1f, 4.1g
trampoline
determine the energy stored in a spring (4.1iii)
4.1c, 4.1e
ballpoint pen,
pop-up toys
determine the factors that affect the period of a pendulum (4.1iv)
4.1c, 4.1d
Pirate Ship and
4.1f, 4.1g
Sky Coaster
(amusement
park rides),
grandfather
clock, swing
observe and explain energy conversions in real-world situations (4.1v)
4.1b
hydroelectric
power, solar
power, Sun,
engines
recognize and describe conversions among different forms of energy in real
4.1a-h
solar-powered
or hypothetical devices such as a motor, a generator, a photocell, a
calculator, electric
battery (4.1vi)
fan, heat pumps,
air conditioners,
Peltier devices
compare the power developed when the same work is done at different
4.1i
elevators, run-
rates (4.1vii)
ning versus
walking up
stairs, motorcy-
cles versus
tractor-trailers
Physics
29
Electricity and Magnetism
Process Skills
(The student will be able to…)
Core Reference
Real-World
Application
measure current and voltage in a circuit (4.1viii)
4.1l, 4.1m, 4.1p
transformers,
4.1o
power supplies,
battery testers,
power meters,
multimeters
use measurements to determine the resistance of a circuit element (4.1ix)
4.1l, 4.1m, 4.1p
dimmer
4.1o
switches, volume
controls, temper-
ature controls
(potentiometers)
interpret graphs of voltage versus current (4.1x)
4.1l, 4.1m, 4.1p
power meters,
soundboard
meters
measure and compare the resistance of conductors of various lengths
4.1m, 4.1o
toasters, hair
and cross-sectional areas (4.1xi)
4.1l
dryers, power
transmission
lines
construct simple series and parallel circuits (4.1xii)
4.1n, 4.1o, 4.1p
household
4.1l
wiring, jumper
cables, fuses, and
circuit breakers
draw and interpret circuit diagrams which include voltmeters and ammeters
4.1n, 4.1o
schematic plans
(4.1xiii)
predict the behavior of lightbulbs in series and parallel circuits (4.1xiv)
4.1n, 4.1o, 4.1p
holiday lights,
flashlights
map the magnetic field of a permanent magnet, indicating the direction of the
5.1s, 5.1t
compass, magnets,
field between the N (north-seeking) and S (south-seeking) poles (4.1xv)
magnetic storage
media (e.g.,
floppy disks,
hard drives,
tapes)
30
Physics
Waves
Process Skills
(The student will be able to…)
Core Reference
Real-World
Application
compare the characteristics of two transverse waves such as amplitude,
4.3a-e
stadium
frequency, wavelength, speed, period, and phase (4.3i)
waves,
electromagnetic
waves, S-waves
(secondary
earthquake
waves)
draw wave forms with various characteristics (4.3ii)
4.3a, 4.3e, 4.3f
oscilloscopes
identify nodes and antinodes in standing waves (4.3iii)
4.3f
guitar string
(vibrating
stretched wire),
pipe organ
(vibrating
air column)
differentiate between transverse and longitudinal waves (4.3iv)
4.3a-f
polarized sun-
glasses, liquid
crystal displays
(e.g., computer
screens, watches,
calculator),
speakers, 3-D
movies
determine the speed of sound in air (4.3v)
4.3c
echoes
predict the superposition of two waves interfering constructively and
4.3c, 4.3f
stereo speakers,
destructively (indicating nodes, antinodes, and standing waves) (4.3vi)
4.3m
surround sound,
iridescence
(e.g., butterfly
wings, soap
bubbles), Tacoma
Narrows Bridge,
beats, electronic
tuners
observe, sketch, and interpret the behavior of wave fronts as they reflect,
4.3h-l
ocean waves,
refract, and diffract (4.3vii)
amusement park
wave pools,
harbor waves,
pond ripples,
ultrasonic cleaners
(standing waves)
draw ray diagrams to represent the reflection and refraction of waves
4.3h-k
barcode scan-
(4.3viii)
ners, mirrors
determine empirically the index of refraction of a transparent medium
4.3i, 4.3j
diamonds, spear-
(4.3ix)
fishing, lenses
Physics
31
Modern Physics
Process Skills
(The student will be able to…)
Core Reference
Real-World
Application
interpret energy-level diagrams (5.3i)
4.3f, 5.3a-g
black light
posters, lasers
correlate spectral lines with an energy-level diagram (5.3ii)
4.3f, 5.3a-g
neon lights,
street lights
32
Physics
APPENDIX D
Performance Indicator Correlation Matrix
Mechanics
Sequence
Performance Indicators
Core
Skills
Reference
(The student should be able to)
I.1
Measured quantities can be classified as either vector
5.1a
or scalar.
I.2
An object in linear motion may travel with a constant
5.1d
5.1i, 5.1ii, 5.1iv, 5.1v,
velocity* or with acceleration*. (Note: Testing of acceleration
5.1vi, 5.1viii
will be limited to cases in which acceleration is constant.)
I.3
An object in free fall accelerates due to the force of
5.1e
5.1i, 5.1ii, 5.1iii, 5.1x
gravity*. Friction and other forces cause the actual
motion of a falling object to deviate from its theoretical
motion. (Note: Initial velocities of objects in free fall may be in any
direction.)
I.4
The resultant of two or more vectors, acting at any
5.1c
5.1iv, 5.1v, 5.1vi, 5.1viii
angle, is determined by vector addition.
I.5
A vector may be resolved into perpendicular
5.1b
5.1iv, 5.1v, 5.1vi, 5.1viii
components.*
I.6
The path of a projectile is the result of the simultaneous
5.1f
5.1i, 5.1ii, 5.1vii
effect of the horizontal and vertical components of its
motion; these components act independently.
I.7
A projectile's time of flight is dependent upon the
5.1g
5.1vii
vertical components of its motion.
I.8
The horizontal displacement of a projectile is
5.1h
5.1vii
dependent upon the horizontal component of its
motion and its time of flight.
I.9
According to Newton’s First Law, the inertia of an
5.1i
5.1i, 5.1ii, 5.1ix, 5.1xi
object is directly proportional to its mass. An object
remains at rest or moves with constant velocity, unless
acted upon by an unbalanced force.
I.10
When the net force on a system is zero, the system is
5.1j
5.1viii
in equilibrium.
I.11
According to Newton’s Second Law, an unbalanced
5.1k
5.1ix
force causes a mass to accelerate*.
I.12
Weight is the gravitational force with which a planet
5.1l
5.1iii
attracts a mass.* The mass of an object is independent
of the gravitational field in which it is located.
I.13
Kinetic friction* is a force that opposes motion.
5.1o
5.1x
Physics
33
Mechanics continued
Sequence
Performance Indicators
Core
Skills
Reference
(The student should be able to)
I.14
Centripetal force* is the net force which produces
5.1n
5.1xi
centripetal acceleration*. In uniform circular motion,
the centripetal force is perpendicular to the
tangential velocity.
I.15
The impulse* imparted to an object causes a change
5.1p
5.1iv, 5.1v, 5.1vi,
in its momentum*.
5.1viii, 5.1xiii
I.16
The elongation or compression of a spring depends
5.1m
5.1xiii
upon the nature of the spring (its spring constant)
and the magnitude of the applied force.*
I.17
According to Newton’s Third Law, forces occur in
5.1q
5.1iv, 5.1v, 5.1vi, 5.1viii,
action/reaction pairs. When one object exerts a force
5.1xii
on a second, the second exerts a force on the first that
is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
I.18
Momentum is conserved in a closed system.*
5.1r
5.1iv, 5.1v, 5.1vi, 5.1viii
(Note: Testing will be limited to momentum in one dimension.)
5.1xii
I.19
Gravitational forces are only attractive, whereas
5.1t
5.1iii, 5.1iv, 5.1v, 5.1vi
electrical and magnetic forces can be attractive or
repulsive.
I.20
The inverse square law applies to electrical* and
5.1u
4.1xv
gravitational* fields produced by point sources.
I.21
Field strength* and direction are determined using a
5.1s
5.1iv, 5.1v, 5.1vi, 5.1viii
suitable test particle. (Notes: 1)Calculations are limited to
electrostatic and gravitational fields. 2)The gravitational field
near the surface of Earth and the electrical field between two
oppositely charged parallel plates are treated as uniform.)
34
Physics
Energy
Sequence
Performance Indicators
Core
Skills
Reference
(The student should be able to)
II.1
When work* is done on or by a system, there is a
4.1g
4.1i, 4.1ii, 4.1iv, 4.1vi,
change in the total energy* of the system.
5.1x
II.2
Work done against friction results in an increase in
4.1h
4.1i, 5.1x
the internal energy of the system.
II.3
Power* is the time-rate at which work is done or
4.1j
4.1i, 4.1vii
energy is expended.
II.4
All energy transfers are governed by the law of
4.1a
4.1i, 4.1vi
conservation of energy.*
II.5
Energy may be converted among mechanical,
4.1b
4.1i, 4.1v, 4.1vi
electromagnetic, nuclear, and thermal forms.
II.6
Potential energy is the energy an object possesses by
4.1c
4.1i, 4.1ii, 4.1iii, 4.1iv,
virtue of its position or condition. Types of potential
4.1v, 4.1vi
energy are gravitational* and elastic.*
II.7
Kinetic energy* is the energy an object possesses by
4.1d
4.1i, 4.1ii, 4.1iv,
virtue of its motion.
4.1v, 4.1vi,
II.8
In an ideal mechanical system, the sum of the
4.1e
4.1i, 4.1ii, 4.1iii, 4.1vi,
macroscopic kinetic and potential energies
5.1i, 5.1ii
(mechanical energy) is constant.*
II.9
In a nonideal mechanical system, as mechanical
4.1f
4.1i, 4.1ii, 4.1iv, 4.1vi,
energy decreases there is a corresponding increase in
4.1iii, 4.1v
other energies such as internal energy.*
5.1i, 5.1ii, 5.1x
Physics
35
Electricity and Magnetism
Sequence
Performance Indicators
Core
Skills
Reference
(The student should be able to)
III.1
Gravitational forces are only attractive, whereas electrical
5.1t
4.1xv
and magnetic forces can be attractive or repulsive.
III.2
The inverse square law applies to electrical* and
5.1u
gravitational* fields produced by point sources.
III.3
Energy may be stored in electric* or magnetic fields.
4.1j
4.1i
This energy may be transferred through conductors or
space and may be converted to other forms of energy.
III.4
The factors affecting resistance in a conductor are length,
4.1m
4.1viii, 4.1ix, 4.1x, 4.1xi
cross-sectional area, temperature, and resistivity.*
III.5
All materials display a range of conductivity. At
4.1l
4.1viii, 4.1ix, 4.1x
constant temperature, common metallic conductors
obey Ohm’s Law*.
III.6
A circuit is a closed path in which a current* can exist.
4.1n
4.1xii, 4.1xiii, 4.1xiv
III.7
Electrical power* and energy* can be determined for
4.1p
4.1viii, 4.1ix, 4.1x,
electric circuits.
4.1xii, 4.1xiv
III.8
Circuit components may be connected in series* or in
4.1o
4.1xi, 4.1xii, 4.1xiii,
parallel.* Schematic diagrams are used to represent
4.1xiv
circuits and circuit elements.
III.9
Moving electric charges produce magnetic fields. The
4.1k
relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic
field may produce a potential difference in the conductor.
36
Physics
Waves
Sequence
Performance Indicators
Core
Skills
Reference
(The student should be able to)
IV.1
An oscillating system produces waves. The nature of
4.3a
4.3i, 4.3ii, 4.3iv
the system determines the type of wave produced.
IV.2
Waves carry energy and information without
4.3b
4.3i, 4.3iv
transferring mass. This energy may be carried by
pulses or periodic waves.
IV.3
Waves are categorized by the direction in which
4.3e
4.3i, 4.3ii, 4.3iv
particles in a medium vibrate about an equilibrium
position relative to the direction of propagation of the
wave such as transverse and longitudinal waves.
IV.4
Mechanical waves require a material medium through
4.3d
4.3i, 4.3iv
which to travel.
IV.5
The model of a wave incorporates the characteristics
4.3c
4.3i, 4.3iv, 4.3v, 4.3vi
of amplitude, wavelength*, frequency*, period*, wave
speed*, and phase.
IV.6
Electromagnetic radiation exhibits wave characteristics.
4.3g
Electromagnetic waves can propagate through a vacuum.
IV.7
All frequencies of electromagnetic radiation travel at
4.3k
4.3vii, 4.3viii
the same speed in a vacuum.*
IV.8
When a wave strikes a boundary between two media,
4.3h
4.3vii, 4.3viii
reflection*, transmission, and absorption occur. A
transmitted wave may be refracted.
IV.9
When a wave moves from one medium into another,
4.3i
4.3vii, 4.3viii, 4.3ix
the wave may refract due to a change in speed. The
angle of refraction (measured with respect to the normal)
depends on the angle of incidence and the properties
of the media (indices of refraction).*
IV.10
The absolute index of refraction is inversely
4.3j
4.3vii, 4.3viii, 4.3ix
proportional to the speed of a wave.*
IV.11
When waves of a similar nature meet, the resulting inter-
4.3m
4.3ii, 4.3iii, 4.3vi
ference may be explained using the principle of super-
position. Standing waves are a special case of interference.
IV.12
Resonance occurs when energy is transferred to a
4.3f
4.3ii, 4.3iii, 4.3iv, 4.3vi,
system at its natural frequency.
5.3i, 5.3ii
IV.13
Diffraction occurs when waves pass by obstacles or
4.3l
4.3vii
through openings. The wavelength of the incident wave
and the size of the obstacle or opening affect how the
wave spreads out.
IV.14
When a wave source and an observer are in relative
4.3n
motion, the observed frequency of the waves traveling
between them is shifted (Doppler effect).
Physics
37
Modern Physics
Sequence
Performance Indicators
Core
Skills
Reference
(The student should be able to)
V.1
States of matter and energy are restricted to
5.3a
discrete values (quantized).
V.2
Charge is quantized on two levels. On the atomic level,
5.3b
charge is restricted to the elementary charge (charge on
an electron or proton). On the subnuclear level charge
appears as fractional values of the elementary charge
(quarks).
V.3
On the atomic level, energy is emitted or absorbed in
5.3c
discrete packets called photons.*
V.4
The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency.*
5.3d
V.5
On the atomic level, energy and matter exhibit the
5.3e
characteristics of both waves and particles.
V.6
Among other things, mass-energy and charge are
5.3f
conserved at all levels (from subnuclear to cosmic).
V.7
The Standard Model of Particle Physics has evolved
5.3g
from previous attempts to explain the nature of the
atom and states that:
1. Atomic particles are composed of subnuclear
particles.
2. The nucleus is a conglomeration of quarks which
manifest themselves as protons and neutrons.
3. Each elementary particle has a corresponding
antiparticle.
V.8
Behaviors and characteristics of matter, from the
5.3h
microscopic to the cosmic levels, are manifestations of
its atomic structure. The macroscopic characteristics of
matter, such as electrical and optical properties, are the
result of microscopic interactions.
V.9
The total of the fundamental interactions is responsible
5.3i
for the appearance and behavior of the objects in the
universe.
V.10
The fundamental source of all energy in the universe
5.3j
is the conversion of mass into energy.*
38
Physics
