Gg Final Keynote 11012008
a ciber briefing paper
information behaviour of
the researcher of the future
11 January 2008
information behaviour of the researcher of the future
contents
setting the scene
4
what are the aims of this study?
5
how was this study carried out?
6
what is the `google generation’?
7
what is the `digital transition; and how does it affect libraries?
8
how do people currently behave in `virtual libraries’?
9
the google generation
11
what do we know about young people’s information behaviour?
12
how do young people currently behave in virtual libraries?
14
the social networking phenomenon: is it important?
16
google generation: myth or reality?
18
what do we really know about the google generation?
21
where are the skills gaps?
22
2
information behaviour of the researcher of the future
contents
looking to the future
25
what are might the information environment be like in 2017?
26
looking to the future
29
what are the implications for `information experts’?
30
what are the implications for research libraries?
31
what are the implications for policy makers?
32
challenges for us all
33
notes and endnotes
35
3
setting the scene
4
setting the scene
what are the aims of this study?
This study was commissioned by the British Library and
•
whether or not new ways of researching content will
JISC to identify how the specialist researchers of the
prove to be any different from the ways that existing
future, currently in their school or pre-school years, are
researchers and scholars carry out their work?
likely to access and interact with digital resources in five
•
to inform and stimulate discussion about the future of
to ten years’ time. This is to help library and information
libraries in the internet era
services to anticipate and react to any new or emerging
behaviours in the most effective way. In this report, we
These questions are of enormous strategic importance
define the `Google generation’ as those born after 1993
but they need to be balanced against considerable
and explore the world of a cohort of young people with
media hype surrounding the `Google generation’
little or no recollection of life before the web.
phenomenon, so a healthy degree of critical distance is
needed. A bewildering array of titles has attached itself
The broad aims of the study are to gather and assess the
to a younger generation that is growing up in an internet-
available evidence to establish:
dominated, media-rich culture: Net Generation, Digital
•
whether or not, as a result of the digital transition and
Natives, Millennials and many others. The untested
the vast range of information resources being digitally
assumption is that this generation is somehow
created, young people, the `Google generation’, are
qualitatively `different’ from what went before: that they
searching for and researching content in new ways
have different aptitudes, attitudes, expectations and even
and whether this is likely to shape their future
different communication and information ‘literacies’ and
behaviour as mature researchers?
that these will somehow transfer to their use of libraries
and information services as they enter higher education
and research careers.
5
setting the scene
how was this study carried out?
The most appropriate methodology for tackling this study
careers (Work Package III). Here, the survey work of
would, of course, have been a longitudinal study over a
Carol Tenopir and Don King has been especially valuable.
lengthy period that tracked the same cohort of young
The third part gathered fresh evidence regarding any
people through their schooling, their time as
differences in information behaviour that can be
undergraduates and their early research careers, as
measured at one point in time. In other words, do
graduate students or doctoral fellows. This was
schoolchildren and adults approach the same search
obviously impossible, given the time frame agreed for
platform in essentially the same way, or are there clear
this enquiry, so in approaching this task, CIBER
age-related preferences? For this part of the study,
developed a methodology that tries, within the
CIBER used deep log analysis techniques to profile the
considerable limitations of the current evidence base, to
users of two web-based information resources that
recreate a longitudinal study from the literature together
appeal to a wide variety of ages: BL Learn and Intute
with some new primary data from a study of how people
(Work Package IV). This is the first time that anyone has
actually use British Library and JISC web sites. In effect,
actually profiled on any real scale the information seeking
it represents a `virtual’ longitudinal study.
behaviour of the virtual scholar by age.
The first part of this approach was to look at published
Two other work packages are included. One reviews at
literature on the information behaviour and preferences of
the broad sweep of literature on the information
young people over the past thirty years (Work Package
behaviour of academic researchers before, during and in
II). More specifically, the aim was to compare studies
the wake of the digital transition and provides much of
from the 1980s and earlier (Generation X), with those
the context for this study (Work Package I). The other is
published around the early 1990s (Generation Y) and
a large-scale review of how new technologies, especially
more recently, post-1993 (the Google generation). This
those relevant to this study such as Web 2.0, and how
was a desk-based exercise to try to isolate any critical
these become adapted by users (Work Package V). This
differences between these three generations at the same
package also looks towards the near-term future, looking
point in their development.
at the kinds of business and technical trends that are
The second part of this research was to identify, by
driving change in the information landscape.
reference to any existing longitudinal studies, whether or
Throughout this report, more general findings about the
to what extent the same cohorts of older researchers
digital behaviour of young adults from CIBER’s Virtual
adapt to the immense changes in information provision
Scholar programme are included.
taking place around them as they progress through their
6
setting the scene
what is the `google generation’?
The `Google generation’ is a popular phrase that
•
89 percent of college students use search engines
refers to a generation of young people, born after
to begin an information search (while only 2 per
1993, that is growing up in a world dominated by the
cent start from a library web site)
internet.
•
93 per cent are satisfied or very satisfied with their
Most students entering our colleges and universities today
overall experience of using a search engine
are younger than the microcomputer, are more comfortable
(compared with 84 per cent for a librarian-assisted
working on a keyboard than writing in a spiral notebook, and
are happier reading from a computer screen than from paper
search)
in hand. Constant connectivity – being in touch with friends
•
search engines fit college students’ life styles better
and family at any time and from any place – is of utmost
importance 1
than physical or online libraries and that fit is
`almost perfect’
According to Wikipedia, the phrase has entered
popular usage as “a shorthand way of referring to a
•
college students still use the library, but they are
generation whose first port of call for knowledge is the
using it less (and reading less) since they first
internet and a search engine, Google being the most
began using internet research tools
popular”. This is offered in contrast to earlier
•
`books’ are still the primary library brand association
generations who “gained their knowledge through
for this group, despite massive investment in
books and conventional libraries”.
digital resources, of which students are largely
Later in this report, we will deal with some of the
unfamiliar
myths and realities that surround the Google
These findings, which are highly consistent with
generation, and we will explode some of them, but the
CIBER’s research into the information behaviour of
notion has a strong intuitive appeal.
young people3 as revealed by the analysis of web log
Some headline findings from a recent global survey by
files, raise enormous issues for information providers
OCLC2 suggests that the Google generation
and provide the policy context for this study. There
stereotype may be broadly true:
are broader educational concerns, notably whether
having `facts at their fingertips’ and surfeit of
information is at the expense of creative and
independent thinking?
7
setting the scene
what is the `digital transition’ and how does it affect libraries?
Enormous changes are taking place in the information
The implications of a shift from the library as a
landscape that are transforming teaching and
physical space to the library as virtual digital
learning, scholarly communication and the role of
environment are immense and truly disruptive. Library
`traditional’ research library services. Many of these
users demand 24/7 access, instant gratification at a
changes have been brought about by technology and
click, and are increasingly looking for `the answer’
the explosion of electronic `content’ made possible by
rather than for a particular format: a research
electronic publishing, mass digitisation projects, and
monograph or a journal article for instance. So they
the internet.4 The volume of full text information that
scan, flick and `power browse’ their way through
can be searched, browsed and printed from the
digital content, developing new forms of online
convenience of a library user’s desktop machine is
reading6 on the way that we do not yet fully
now almost unimaginable. And, for the first time, so
understand (or, in many cases, even recognise).
are the choices: library users have rapidly become
While we have highlighted differences amongst scholarly
information consumers who can switch instantly
communities in this paper it would be a mistake to believe
between commercial search engines, social
that it is only students’ information seeking that has been
networking sites, wikis, bookmarked resources and
fundamentally shaped by massive digital choice,
electronic services provided by their library to satisfy
unbelievable (24/7) access to scholarly material,
their information needs.
disintermediation, and hugely powerful and influential
search engines. The same has happened to professors,
Research libraries, once proud curators of historic
lecturers and practitioners. Everyone exhibits a bouncing /
print collections, face enormous challenges in this
flicking behaviour, which sees them searching horizontally
digital marketplace. The philosophy of warehousing
rather than vertically. Power browsing and viewing is the
large book collections, `just-in-case-they’re needed’,
norm for all. 7
is rapidly becoming redundant as users turn their
The trends in the content space are not just
backs on the library as a physical space. Instead,
technological. Research libraries also have to learn
research libraries are having to adjust to a new reality:
how best to manage a shifting world of formally
the need to compete for attention among user groups,
published, self-published and unpublished materials,
especially the young, who demand involving, dynamic
new licensing and business models, both paper and
and personalised content experiences that can
digital. It is an enormous challenge.
compete with the likes of Facebook.5
8
setting the scene
how do people currently behave in virtual libraries? (1 of 2)
In a digital information world that is characterised by
The latest CIBER research9 suggests that e-books will
massive choice, easy access and simple to use tools,
be the next publishing success story, although
it is not surprising that librarians are feeling anxious.
demand here could be even more spectacular, simply
Their traditional role as intermediaries, helping users
as a result of the enormous size of the student
to navigate large and complex library systems, is
population, hungry for highly digested content.
being threatened by services, like Google, that seem
All the available evidence shows that people behave
to offer almost unlimited information choice and by-
in very diverse ways when using electronic information
pass the library.
resources. We know this because their detailed
In fact, research libraries offer an enormous range of
behaviour is recorded in the form of computer log
valuable publisher content to their users, but often
trails. CIBER has spent more than five years studying
through systems that seem far less intuitive than the
the digital evidence that millions of scholars leave
ubiquitous search engine. So librarians need to gain a
behind them when they search e-journal databases,
much better understanding of how people actually
e-book collections and research gateways. Our
behave in a virtual library setting and use their
findings are of enormous relevance for librarians.
expensive content. Without this, there is a real danger
In general terms, this new form of information seeking
that the library professional will swept aside by
behaviour can be characterised as being horizontal,
history, as relevant to twenty-first century Britain as
bouncing, checking and viewing in nature. Users are
the hot metal typesetter. The popularity of desktop
promiscuous, diverse and volatile and it is clear that
access to electronic journals is already immense and
these behaviours represent a serious challenges for
use is growing very rapidly as publishers open up their
traditional information providers, nurtured in a hard-
content to be indexed by Google and other search
copy paradigm and, in many respects, still tied to it.
engines. The major journal platforms like Blackwell’s
Libraries must move away from bean counting
Synergy or Elsevier’s ScienceDirect attract literally
dubious download statistics, and get much closer to
millions of hits each month.8
monitoring the actual information seeking behaviour of
their users.
9
setting the scene
how do people currently behave in virtual libraries? (2 of 2)
The main characteristics of digital information seeking
Squirreling behaviour
behaviour10 in virtual libraries are:
Academic users have strong consumer instincts and
Horizontal information seeking
research shows that they will squirrel away content in the
A form of skimming activity, where people view just one
form of downloads, especially when there are free offers.
or two pages from an academic site and then `bounce’
In spite of this behaviour and the very short session
out, perhaps never to return. The figures are instructive:
times that we witness, there is no evidence as to the
around 60 per cent of e-journal users view no more than
extent to which these downloads are actually read.
three pages and a majority (up to 65 per cent) never
Diverse information seekers
return.
Log analysis reveals that user behaviour is very diverse:
Navigation
geographical location, gender, type of university and
People in virtual libraries spend a lot of time simply
status are all powerful consumer demographics. One
finding their way around: in fact they spend as much time
size does not fit all.
finding their bearings as actually viewing what they find.
Checking information seekers
Viewers
Users assess authority and trust for themselves in a
The average times that users spend on e-book and e-
matter of seconds by dipping and cross-checking across
journal sites are very short: typically four and eight
different sites and by relying on favoured brands (e.g.
minutes respectively. It is clear that users are not reading
Google).
online in the traditional sense, indeed there are signs that
Confidence level: very high
new forms of `reading’ are emerging as users `power
browse’ horizontally through titles, contents pages and
abstracts going for quick wins. It almost seems that they
go online to avoid reading in the traditional sense.
10
the google generation
11
the google generation
what do we know about young people’s information behaviour? (1 of 2)
Research into how children and young people
These points relate both to the current use of the
become competent in using the internet and other
internet by young people and, a technology
research tools is patchy but some consistent themes11
generation earlier, to their use of early online systems
are beginning to emerge:
and CDROMs. There is little direct evidence that
young people’s information literacy is any better or
•
the information literacy of young people, has not
worse than before. However, the ubiquitous use of
improved with the widening access to technology:
highly branded search engines raises other issues12:
in fact, their apparent facility with computers
disguises some worrying problems
•
young people have unsophisticated mental maps of
what the internet is, often failing to appreciate that
•
internet research shows that the speed of young
it is a collection of networked resources from
people’s web searching means that little time is
different providers
spent in evaluating information, either for
relevance, accuracy or authority
•
as a result, the search engine, be that Yahoo or
Google, becomes the primary brand that they
•
young people have a poor understanding of their
associate with the internet
information needs and thus find it difficult to
develop effective search strategies
•
many young people do not find library-sponsored
resources intuitive and therefore prefer to use
•
as a result, they exhibit a strong preference for
Google or Yahoo instead: these offer a familiar, if
expressing themselves in natural language rather
simplistic solution, for their study needs
than analysing which key words might be more
effective
Confidence level: very high
•
faced with a long list of search hits, young people
find it difficult to assess the relevance of the
materials presented and often print off pages with
no more than a perfunctory glance at them
12
the google generation
what do we know about young people’s information behaviour? (2 of 2)
The huge question raised above is whether, and to
what extent, the behaviour, attitudes and preferences
of today’s Google generation youngsters will persist
as they grow up and some of them become
academics and scholars. In the absence of properly
constructed longitudinal studies that tracked the
information behaviour of a single cohort of young
people through to maturity, it is impossible to answer
this question directly.
Circumstantial evidence that today’s undergraduates,
just a little older than the Google generation, are
`different’ from older adults is presented on the next
page. The graph shows the relative value that
members of the academic community place on a
range of methods for finding articles. The age
differences are startling and they suggest that the shift
away from the physical to the virtual library will
accelerate very rapidly and that tools like
GoogleScholar will be increasingly a real and present
threat to the library as an institution.
Confidence level: medium.
13
the google generation
how do young people currently behave in virtual libraries? (1 of 2)
This is a powerful reminder that people have different
•
those entering BL Learning via a blog type link were
information needs at different points in their lives. There
in a very small minority and these were predominantly
are very very few controlled studies that account for age
Americans (and core site users), no evidence yet that
and information seeking behaviour systematically: as a
social networking has really caught on in the context
result there is much mis-information and much
of library sites
speculation about how young people supposedly behave
Young scholars are using tools that require little skill: they
in cyberspace.
appear satisfied with a very simple or basic form of
A central plank of this study is a deep log analysis
searching. However, this was not so much the case with
comparing the information behaviour of a wide range of
persistent users. Thus in the case of Intute it was found
ages using the same platforms: BL Learning, a service
that the more pages viewed in a session the greater the
aimed at schoolchildren and teachers, and Intute, a JISC
likelihood that that session clicked through to another
service that is aimed across and beyond the university
site (an outcome in the case of a ‘gateway’ site like
community.
Intute).
The key points to emerge from this analysis13-14 are:
Findings from CIBER’s deep log analysis work are very
consistent with the information seeking literature and
•
both services are very popular, both within and
outside of the UK, and attract a great deal of use (in
other research based on observations or surveys. For
the case of BL Learning, 14% of all British Library
example, observational studies have shown that young
traffic) strongly suggesting that they contain content
people scan online pages very rapidly (boys especially)
that younger scholars (and their teachers) value highly
and click extensively on hyperlinks - rather than reading
sequentially. Users make very little use of advanced
•
the popularity of both sites suggest that they have
search facilities, assuming that search engines
significant brand presence at home and abroad
`understand’ their queries. They tend to move rapidly
from page to page, spending little time reading or
•
for both sites, the majority of visits were traffic
digesting information and they have difficulty making
directed from a search engine, and they were
relevance judgements about the pages they retrieve.
interrogated from home, rather than from school,
college or university
Confidence level: very high
•
about 40% of school search engine users found BL
Learning using an image search, suggesting a
preference for this kind of retrieval
14
the google generation
how do young people currently behave in virtual libraries? (2 of 2)
Students usually approach their research without regard to the
There is very little evidence of generational shifts in the
library’s structure or the way that library segments different
literature: that Google generation youngsters are
resources into different areas of its web site. Library web sites
fundamentally `different’ from what went before. This is
often reflect an organizational view of the library … they do not
do a particularly good job of aggregating content on a particular
of course difficult to interpret: there are no longitudinal
subject area.15
studies to show one way or the other. On balance, the
literature appears to point to a big distinction between
Children (especially) tend to make very narrow relevance
young children and teenage groups, probably due to the
judgements by considering the presence or absence of
fact that small children have not yet developed the
words exactly describing the search topic: as a result
cognitive and motor skills to be effective searchers.
they miss many relevant documents and end up
Beyond age 11, the message is continuity, they do not
repeating searches. Information seeking tends to stop at
seem especially different in their behaviour from young
the point at which articles are found and printed,
adults, although CIBER studies have shown that search
especially for younger users, with little regard to the
engine image search (Yahoo and Google) is proving very
document content.
popular with the young and this may indicate a genuine
Confidence level: very high
difference in information behaviour.
The literature also shows that many of these
Confidence level: very high
characteristics pre-date the web (as studies in the 1980s
on CDROM, for example, demonstrate)16 and so they
cannot be projected on to the internet as something
completely new.
15
the google generation
the social networking phenomenon: is it important? (1 of 2)
The emergence of social web sites is changing the nature
expensive copyrighted electronic content: journals,
and fabric of the world wide web: we have moved from
books and monographs, much of this is news to their
an internet built by a few thousand authors to one being
users. Either they do not know that the library provides
constructed by millions. Social networking is of
this material, or they get to it, possibly via Google, and
particular interest to librarians and publishers because it
assume it’s `free’. Libraries are increasingly between a
is part of a wider trend: users creating and posting
rock and a hard place: the publisher or search engine
content for themselves, blurring the age-old distinction
gets the credit, they just pick up the tab.
between information producers and information
So, a number of progressive librarians have started
consumers. And as desktop publishing software
building a presence in MySpace and Facebook by
becomes the norm, it is sometimes almost impossible to
creating profiles. It is too early for a solid evidence base
tell the difference between formally published and self-
to emerge to see whether this kind of initiative will bear
published material.
fruit, but there are clearly dangers in trying to appear
This is a phenomenon affecting the whole of society and
`cool’ to a younger audience. In fact, there is a
the current popularity of social networking among the
considerable danger that younger users will resent the
young perhaps diverts attention from who actually
library invading what they regards as their space. There
generates (as opposed to who consumes) user-
is a big difference between `being where our users are’
generated content: Wikipedia and YouTube both exhibit a
and `being USEFUL to our users where they are’.
marked age separation between viewers of content
This seems to be the message from a 2007 OCLC
(mainly 18-24s) and content generators (mainly 45-54s
survey18 in which college students and members of the
and 35-44s respectively).17
general public were asked the following question:
Many librarians have started to experiment with social
“How likely would you be to participate in each of the
software in an attempt to get closer to their users. They
following activities on a social networking or community
have a problem. Although research libraries spend
site if built by your library?”
millions of pounds providing seamless desktop access to
16
the google generation
the social networking phenomenon: is it important? (2 of 2)
The numbers are those who say they are extremely likely
There are many other examples of library
or very likely to do so (general public responses in
experimentation with Web 2.0 technologies: for example
brackets).
to enrich catalogue entries with user reviews and ratings,
but it is again simply too early to assess their impact or
•
self-publish creative work: 7% (6%)
effectiveness. But there is no doubting that social
•
share ideas with about library services: 10% (7%)
networking is a major success story and that libraries
should be keeping a watching brief over developments in
•
share your photos / videos: 7% (6%)
this areas, especially as there is evidence from the US
•
participate in online discussion groups: 6% (6%)
that most students with online access use social
networking technologies at least sometimes and that
•
meet others with similar interests: 6% (7%)
many report using these networks to discuss education-
•
describe your own personal collections: 9% (6%)
related topics.
•
view others’ personal collections: 12% (6%)
CIBER’s considered view is that the real issue that the
library community should be concerned about is the rise
Thus, most college students say they are not interested.
of the e-book, not social networking. It should certainly
Clearly it is very early days, but these survey findings do
continue to experiment and to keep a watching brief on
not provide much confidence that social software, yet,
these tools, especially for examples of best practice from
has much to contribute to the rebuilding of relationships
serious business use (e.g. in marketing) and in course
with users in an increasingly dis-intermediated
delivery.
environment.
Confidence level: medium to low
17
the google generation
google generation: myth or reality? (1 of 3)
Kids are so different today. I bet every adult says that about the
They have shifted decisively to digital forms of
young people of their time, but kids today really are different
communication: texting rather than talking*
from the kids of any other age. 19
Our verdict: Open. it is very difficult to see messaging as
Many of the claims made on behalf of the Google
a fundamental trend, its current popularity is certainly
Generation in the popular media fail to stack up fully
influenced by its relatively low cost compared with voice.
against the evidence20. Over the next three pages, we try
to assess these claims on the basis of the very scant
They multitask in all areas of their lives*
available evidence.
Our verdict: Open. There is no hard evidence. However,
They are more competent with technology**
it is likely that being exposed to online media early in life
may help to develop good parallel processing skills. The
Our verdict: Generally true, we think, but older users are
wider question is whether sequential processing abilities,
catching up fast. However, the majority of young people
necessary for ordinary reading, are being similarly
tend to use much simpler applications and fewer facilities
developed.
than many imagine.
They are used to being entertained and now expect this
They have very high expectations of ICTs**
of their formal learning experience at university*
Our verdict: Probably true, since we live in a global web
Our verdict: Open. Information media must be
culture dominated by a handful of unifying brands.
interesting or they will fail to be used: this is a circular
Again, this expectation is relative, all of us are
argument. We are a little concerned by the current
information consumers now.
interest in using games technologies to enhance
They prefer interactive systems and are turning away
students’ learning and library-based experience. When
from being passive consumers of information**
broadcast news makers introduced entertainment show
Our verdict: Generally true, as borne out by young
production techniques 20-30 years ago, research
people’s media consumption patterns: passive media
showed that these enhanced `interest’ but impeded the
such as television and newspapers are in decline.
absorption of information.
Confidence level: high***, medium** or low*
18
the google generation
google generation: myth or reality? (2 of 3)
They prefer visual information over text*
They need to feel constantly connected to the web*
Our verdict: A qualified yes, but text is still important. As
Our verdict: We do not believe that this is a specific
technologies improve and costs fall, we expect to see
Google generation trait. Recent research by Ofcom21
video links beginning to replace text in the social
shows that the over-65s spend four hours a week longer
networking context. However, for library interfaces, there
online than 18-24s. We suspect that factors specific to
is evidence that multimedia can quickly lose its appeal,
the individual, personality and background, are much
providing short-term novelty.
more significant than generation.
They have zero tolerance for delay and their information
They are the `cut-and-paste’ generation**
needs must be fulfilled immediately*
Our verdict: We think this is true, there is a lot of
Our verdict: No. We feel that this is a truism of our time
anecdotal evidence and plagiarism is a serious issue.
and there is no hard evidence to suggest that young
They pick up computer skills by trial-and-error**
people are more impatient in this regard. All we can do is
repeat the obvious: that older age groups have memories
Our verdict: This is a complete myth. The popular view
that pre-date digital media experiences: the younger
that Google generation teenagers are twiddling away on
generation does not.
a new device while their parents are still reading the
manual is a complete reversal of reality, as Ofcom
They find their peers more credible as information
survey22 findings confirm.
sources than authority figures**
They prefer quick information in the form of easily
Our verdict: On balance, we think this is a myth.
digested chunks, rather than full text***
Research in the specific context of the information
resources that children prefer and value in a secondary
Our verdict: This is a myth. CIBER deep log studies
school setting shows that teachers, relatives and
show that, from undergraduates to professors, people
textbooks are consistently valued above the internet.
exhibit a strong tendency towards shallow, horizontal,
`flicking’ behaviour in digital libraries. Power browsing
We feel this statement has more to do with social
and viewing appear to be the norm for all. The popularity
networking sub-culture and teenagers’ natural y
of abstracts among older researchers rather gives the
rebellious tendencies. Its specific application to the
game away. Society is dumbing down.
world of education and libraries is pretty questionable.
Confidence level: high***, medium** or low*
19
the google generation
google generation: myth or reality? (3 of 3)
They are expert searchers***
information industry of a collapse of respect for copyright
is potentially very serious.
Our verdict: This is a dangerous myth. Digital literacies
and information literacies do not go hand in hand. A
They are format agnostic*
careful look at the literature over the past 25 years finds
Our verdict: This may be true of some users, young and
no improvement (or deterioration) in young people’s
old, but not all. We have not found any careful analysis
information skills.
of this question, which is surprising given its import for
They think everything is on the web (and it’s all free)*
libraries and publishers alike. We suspect that this is no
longer a meaningful issue: content is no longer format-
Our verdict: Open. Anecdotally, this appears to be true
dependent in cyberspace.
for a large minority of young people, but no one seems to
have framed a research question in this form and
Confidence level: high***, medium** or low*
investigated it more deeply. Certainly this was a
prevalent view earlier in the evolution of the internet,
indeed its central ethos.
To reverse the question, there is much evidence that
young people are unaware of library-sponsored content,
or at least reluctant to use it. This is the library’s
problem, not the fault of young people.
They do not respect intellectual property**
Our verdict: This seems to be only partly true. Findings
from Ofcom surveys23 reveal that both adults and
children (aged 12-15) have very high levels of awareness
and understanding of the basic principles of intellectual
property. However, young people feel that copyright
regimes are unfair and unjust and a big age gap is
opening up. The implications for libraries and for the
20
the google generation
what do we really know about the google generation?
In a real sense, we are all Google generation now: the
gained from our analysis of the surveys by Carol Tenopir
demographics of internet and media consumption are
and Don King25 suggest that the differences in
rapidly eroding this presumed generational difference.
information behaviour, at a single point in time, between
The evidence indicates that more people across all age
young and early middle-aged students and faculty are
groups are using the Internet and Web 2.0 technologies
much less significant than those between young and
widely and for a variety of purposes. The young (not just
more mature (40 and 50-year old) students.
the Google generation but also Generation Y, the next
Whether or not our young people really have lower levels
one up) may have been the earliest adopters but now
of traditional information skills than before, we are simply
older users are fast catching up ... the so-called Silver
not in a position to know. However, the stakes are much
Surfers. In many ways the Google generation label is
higher now in an educational setting where `self-directed
increasingly unhelpful: recent research finds that it is not
learning’ is the norm. We urgently need to find out.
even accurate within the cohort of young people that it
seeks to stereotype.
Virtually 100% of students use word processors and utilize the
internet for coursework. But the impression of broad
A 2007 survey by Synovate24 finds that only 27% of UK
competence slips when percentages are revealed for other
teenagers could really be described as having the kind of
applications, such as those for presentation development (65%),
deep interest and facility in IT that the label implies. The
spreadsheets (63%), graphics (49%) or creating web pages
majority (`average Joes’, 57%) use relatively low level
(25%). 26
technology to support their basic communication or
Our overall conclusion is that much writing on the topic
entertainment needs and there is a substantial residuum
of this report overestimates the impact of ICTs on the
of 20% (`digital dissidents’) who actively dislike
young and underestimates its effect on older
technology and avoid using it wherever possible. The
generations. A much greater sense of balance is
demographics are clearly very complicated and resistant
needed.
to neat generational labelling. Much of the evidence
21
the google generation
where are the skills gaps? (1 of 3)
Much has been said recently about the apparent
However, a scrutiny of the literature shows that the
expertise of children using electronic resources, and
practice of formulating queries in this way pre-dates the
there are claims that young people are using the Internet
web. Thus the wider availability of technology and the
more creatively and are becoming more proficient in their
near blanket exposure to it in recent years does not
use than their teachers, that they tend in any case to be
appear to have improved search performance in any
more proficient using information technologies than are
significant way. A persistent theme in the information
their parents or teachers and that they are, in short,
literacy literature is that we need a fully developed mental
‘technologically savvy’. Indeed, this is the popular
map to make effective use of Internet search tools.28 We
perception of young people and information technology
need not only a broad understanding of how retrieval
generally. But there is no evidence in the serious
systems work and how information is represented within
literature that young people are expert searchers, nor
bibliographic or full text databases, but also some
that the search skills of young people has improved with
appreciation of the nature of the information space, and
time27. Studies pre-dating the widespread public use of
of how spelling, grammar and sentence structure
the Internet have reported that young searchers often
contribute to effective searches. Paradoxically, children
display difficulty in selecting appropriate search terms,
(under 13 years) and older adults (46 and older) are often
and research into Internet use has consistently found
unable to construct effective searches and evaluate the
similar difficulties. One issue that has persisted
results. In the case of children, this is very largely due to
throughout the period of electronic searching is the
their lack of knowledge of the kinds of information
prevalence of full-phrase searching (e.g. “What are the
content that exist is a particular domain, as well as
three most common crimes in California?”) by young
struggling to a greater or lesser extent with the other
people. It would be tempting to attribute this activity to
elements: a mental map of how search engines work,
the rise in the accessibility of the Internet. The Web, of
difficulties in moving from natural language to search
course, may be searched with impunity using natural
queries and less command of vocabulary required to
language. This is taken to its logical conclusion in
consider synonyms or other alternatives. In the case of
‘Ask.com’, which encourages users to enter such full
the older generation, the key problem of course is that
phrases as search terms.
many lack a useful mental map of how the Internet
`works’.
22
the google generation
where are the skills gaps? (2 of 3)
One area of current interest, and, indeed, concern, is the
symptomatic of a lack of strategic government support
way young people evaluate - or rather fail to evaluate -
for information literacy programmes. A much fuller
information from electronic sources. Here, too, there is
research picture30 is available in the USA, however, and it
little evidence that this has improved over the last 10 to
paints a picture of a large minority of freshmen entering
15 years. Early research suggested nearly fifteen years
college and university with low levels of information
ago (and pre-dating the Internet) that teenagers did not
literacy and high levels of library anxiety. As might be
review information retrieved from online databases for
expected, information skills correlate positively with
relevance (e.g. from online databases) and, consequently,
entry-level SAT scores and subsequent grades.
undertook unnecessary supplementary searches when
It is not reasonable to translate these findings into the UK
they had already obtained the information required.
context but, since information literacy training is so
Internet research has shown that the speed of young
patchy and inconsistent in this country, the US
people’s web searching indicates that little time is spent
experience is worth noting. There are two particularly
in evaluating information, either for relevance, accuracy
powerful messages emerging from recent research.
or authority and children have been observed printing-off
When the top and bottom quartiles of students - as
and using Internet pages with no more than a perfunctory
defined by their information literacy skills - are compared,
glance at them. Researchers have similarly found young
it emerges that the top quartile report a much higher
people give a consistent lack of attention to the issue of
incidence of exposure to basic library skills from their
authority. In one study, many teenagers thought that if a
parents, in the school library, classroom or public library
site was indexed by Yahoo it had to be authoritative, and
in their earlier years. It seems that a new divide is
so the question did not arise. Other studies have also
opening up in the US, with the better-equipped students
found little attempt to check the veracity of information
taking the prizes of better grades. At the lower end of
retrieved.
the information skills spectrum, the research finds that
The most significant finding [of our study] was that, although
intervention at university age is too late: these students
the teachers interviewed were information literate, their skills
have already developed an ingrained coping behaviour:
with and attitudes towards information literacy were not being
they have learned to `get by’ with Google.
transferred to their pupils.29
There is little research in the UK into the information skills
of young people in and entering higher education. This is
23
the google generation
where are the skills gaps? (3 of 3)
The problem here is that they simply do not recognize
that they have a problem: there is a big gap between
their actual performance in information literacy tests and
their self-estimates of information skill and library anxiety.
The findings of these studies raise questions about the
ability of schools and colleges to develop the search
capabilities of the Google Generation to a level
appropriate to the demands of higher education and
research.
If a similar pattern obtains in the UK, the key point is that
information skills have to be developed during formative
school years and that remedial information literacy
programmes at university level are likely to be ineffective.
The big question is what form that training should take:
perhaps we should go with the flow and help children to
become more effective information consumers?
Confidence level: likely in relation to the UK, high for
the US.
24
looking to the future
25
looking to the future
what might the information environment be like in 2017? (1 of 3)
A decade is a very long time ahead to make
The inexorable rise of the e-book
predictions at a time when the library and information
Outside of leisure markets, we expect print sales to
world is in such a state of turmoil and anxiety, but it is
diminish sharply as electronic publishing initiatives
possible to identify some powerful trends that seem
such as blogs, RSS, integrated media players, pod
very unlikely to be reversed.
casting and publishing-on-demand devices become
A unified web culture
established parts of the information landscape.
It is self-evident that by 2017 the internet will have
Electronic books, driven by consumer demand, will
come of age for all ages and be completely integrated
finally become established as the primary format for
into most homes. The World Wide Web will become
educational textbooks and scholarly books and
just that: survey research is showing us already that a
monographs, as well as reference formats.
remarkably unified set of online attitudes, activities
However the most significant impact for research will
and behaviours is beginning to emerge across many
not be how things get published, but how they get
different countries as a few powerful brands (e.g.
accessed. In particular OLED (Organic Light-Emitting
eBay, Amazon, FaceBook) become globally dominant.
Diode) technology will allow the widespread
These services will become more personalised, more
publishing of information on demand, wirelessly
mobile, and even more intuitive: values that librarians
delivered to an incredibly niche demographic31. This
both respect and are, in some cases, already
kind of publishing will be a potential headache for
emulating.
both research activity and archiving, since these
In this unified global Web culture, national library
publications can literally appear and disappear in an
services and provision will become far less
instant.
meaningful, even quaint concepts (for example,
research shows that British Library websites are very
popular outside of the UK).
26
looking to the future
what might the information environment be like in 2017? (2 of 3)
More content explosions
Emerging forms of scholarship and publication
Scholars and researchers will benefit enormously from
As the information landscape is changing, so are the
the huge mass book digitization programmes that are
very processes of research. Scholars are beginning to
currently underway (e.g. Google Print) and from
employ methods unavailable to their counterparts a
moves to archive research data as well as research
few years ago, including pre-publication release of
findings. It is hard to predict the rate at which open
their work, distributing it through non-traditional
access publishing and institutional archiving will
outlets such as institutional repositories, blogs, wikis
increase, but libraries should start to plan now for a
and personal websites.
time, perhaps not so far off, when most scholarly
They are also trying out new forms of peer review
articles are available to anyone from their desktop
using online collaboration. This presents libraries with
machine. This is both a major threat and an
new challenges: archiving and managing different
opportunity for libraries: it is likely to further fuel
versions of scholarly material as they appear (and
interest in scholarly content by people concerned
rapidly disappear) from the web. The key challenge
about their health or the environment, from small
for the whole academic community, including libraries,
businesses and the `amateur scholar’.
is how to take advantage of new interactive media
Each month, across the globe, nearly a million new
while still protecting the integrity of scholarly media.
users join the internet, joining the 750 million already
Virtual forms of publication
connected. Most are already generating their own
content in the form of emails, blogs, wikis and
Already, real world information providers, from
personal websites and many more will follow. The
commercial publishers to university tutors, are
scale of this phenomenon is unprecedented in human
engaging with Second Life to provide services for
history: user-generated content is growing much
members of that virtual world and many see a long-
faster than publisher or content with inevitable
term future in this kind of virtual publishing and
consequences.
Library-sponsored content is
broadcasting. The relevance of this for the virtual
shrinking in relative terms and it will become more
scholar is that it is indicative of new modes of
difficult to find as users land where the search engines
engagement between content producers and
take them, not where librarians think they `ought’ to
consumers in the online world, and it is almost
land.
impossible to guess where this might lead.
27
looking to the future
what might the information environment be like in 2017? (3 of 3)
The semantic web
The world wide web as we have seen and
experienced it so far could be completely
revolutionised by the advent of the `semantic web’. A
system where, currently, humans express simple
searches in everyday language, to order groceries,
reserve a library book or look up a railway timetable,
could be superseded by a system in which computers
become capable of analysing all the data on the web.
In the words of Tim Berners-Lee, this could mean
eventually that “the day-to-day mechanisms of trade,
bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by
machines talking to machines”. Some pundits believe
that this scenario is very far away and, indeed that it
may never happen on a wide scale. Our view is that
the semantic web is a tool that will reach its tipping
point fairly soon. In five years, 2013, there could be
substantial developments that might allow a whole
generation of undergraduates to begin to experience
its potential.
This is especially likely to be the case in niche areas,
like e-Science, especially biology, creating new
opportunities for major research libraries to be
involved in completely new forms of activity such as
real-time publishing and the sharing of experimental
data on the internet.
Confidence level: medium to high
28
challenges
29
looking to the future
what are the implications for `information experts’?
There are several messages in this report for
CIBER’s Virtual Scholar programme has found
information professionals.
evidence - everywhere where we look - of clear
Gradually, the Internet is sinking into the background
differences in information-seeking behaviour by
as a tool that everyone takes for granted - but libraries
subject, by gender, and by work role. It is
are not keeping up with the demands of students and
increasingly clear that a one-size-fits all policy
researchers for services that are integrated and
towards library or system design is not going to be
consistent with their wider internet experience
effective: there is as much (albeit, largely
(including Google and other tools). Information
unacknowledged) diversity in today’s scholarly
consumers – of all ages - use digital media
population as is likely to exist between today’s
voraciously, and not necessarily in the ways that
scholars and tomorrow’s. Without a detailed handle
librarians assume. Any barrier to access: be that
on these issues, it becomes impossible to target
additional log-ins, payment or hard copy, are too high
services effectively.
for most consumers and information behind those
Our final message, one which information
barriers will increasingly be ignored.
professionals have exactly the right skills set to
Given current levels of investment by the big
address is the need for greater simplicity. We know
corporate search engines, and static or declining
that younger scholars especially have only a very
library R&D budgets, it would seem that the only
limited knowledge of the many library-sponsored
effective strategy is for tighter integration of library
services that are on offer to them. The problem is one
content with commercial search engines. This is
of both raising awareness of this expensive and
urgent given that the business case for libraries is
valuable content and making the interfaces much
beginning to look weak to many outside the
more standard and easier to use. The cognitive load
profession. It also fits with time-poor student
on any library user (or librarian) in trying to work
experience as they work their way through college or
through such complexity is at present immense.
study part-time or at a distance.
Librarians are guilty of complacency here.
Confidence level: high
30
looking to the future
what are the implications for research libraries?
The main message of this report for research libraries is
be via a flexible, `suck-it-and see’ model. Trying things
that the future is now, not ten years away, and that they
out in the digital space, monitoring the reaction and
have no option but to understand and design systems
adjusting accordingly. Moving from counting hits to
around the actual behaviour of today’s virtual scholar.
watching users.
The picture that emerges from internet research is that
The significance of this for research libraries is threefold:
most visitors to scholarly sites view only a few pages,
many of which do not even contain real content, and in
•
they need to make their sites more highly visible in
cyberspace by opening them up to search engines
any case do not stop long enough to do any real reading.
This is either a symptom of a really worrying malaise -
•
they should abandon any hope of being a one-stop
failure at the library terminal - or maybe a sign that a
shop
whole new form of online reading behaviour is beginning
to emerge, one based on skimming titles, contents pages
•
they should accept that much content will seldom or
and abstracts: we call this `power browsing’. We
never be used, other than perhaps a place from which
urgently need to understand the root causes of this
to bounce
phenomenon.
The strategic implications of a shift from the physical to
Students usually prefer the global searching of Google to more
the virtual are profound for all industries, especially
sophisticated but more time-consuming searching provided by
libraries. Yet no one has done any longitudinal analysis
the library, where students must make separate searches of the
through time to see how today’s library users are
online catalog and every database of potential interest, after
responding to the changes taking place around them, let
first identifying which databases might be relevant. In addition,
alone tomorrow’s users. Without addressing these
not all searches of library catalogues or databases yield full-text
issues now, librarians will continue to become even more
materials, and NetGen students want not just speedy answers,
but full gratification of their information requests on the spot.32
marginal players in the digital scholarly consumer
marketplace. Possible strategies that might be adopted
It can be said with confidence that librarians do not
include the provision of better gateways to the literature
currently design information systems around this form of
and making simplicity their core mission.
user behaviour and how best to accommodate it
represents their real challenge. The way forward has to
Confidence level: very high
31
looking to the future
what are the implications for policy makers?
The research literature is inadequate in this area and
Emerging research findings from the US points to the
what serious material there is is eclipsed by aecdotal
fact that these skills need to be inculcated during the
or unevidenced claims. The library community needs
formative years of childhood: by university or college
to invest more in data collection and analysis and to
it is too late to reverse engineer deeply ingrained
take its examples from commercial leaders (for
habits, notably an uncritical trust in branded search
example, Tesco) that have a much more detailed and
engines to deliver quick fixes.
insightful understanding of their customer base and
This will require concerted action between libraries,
preferences. In particular, there is a need for ongoing
schools and parents.
longitudinal data and intelligence functions to provide
a vital early radar warning of oncoming change. Why
Confidence level: high (and the stakes are
don’t major national libraries have in-house user
enormous)
studies departments? Without this intelligence,
service stereotypes can easily become detached from
reality.
At national level, there is a desperate need for a well-
funded programme of educational research and
inquiry into the information and digital literacy skills of
our young people. If the erratic behaviour we are
seeing in digital libraries really is the result of failure at
the library terminal, then society has a major problem.
Information skills are needed more than ever and at a
higher level if people are to really avail themselves of
the benefits of an information society.
32
looking to the future
challenges for us all (1 of 2)
So what are the main challenges to libraries and their
3.
Becoming much more e-consumer-friendly and
information services in meeting the needs of
less stodgy and intellectual. Few digital library
tomorrow’s scholars and researchers?
offerings make any real attempt to connect with
1. Taking full advantage of the popularity of scholarly
the larger digital consumer world: they simply do
information and at the same time dealing with the
not chime with people’s experience of Facebook,
fact that UK users are the minority group for
YouTube, Amazon or even for that matter,
many UK-funded, cash-strapped information
ScienceDirect. Why, for example, don’t academic
services.
libraries try to emulate personal/social searching
guidance offered so successfully by Amazon for
2.
Reversing the process of dis-intermediation in a
many years?
full-blown do-it-yourself consumer marketplace.
As they say ‘we are all librarians now’. For,
4.
Avoiding the decoupling scenario – libraries being
instance, how to sell the key library role of a safe
decoupled from the user and the publisher. With
and authoritative information haven and the need
the arrival of the e-book libraries will become even
for digital information literacy training. Libraries are
more remote from their users and publishers will
handicapped here by a lack of brand, although
become even closer as a result of consumer
there is evidence that the BL has a good
footfalls occurring in their domain. The fall out with
international presence. Publishers are better able
publishers over open access and institutional
to offer something here with their strong
repositories has caused a schism between
commercial and academic brands and their rapidly
librarians and publishers and the increasing
expanding ‘walled garden’ information products,
willingness of the user to pay for information (a
and strategic partnerships should be considered.
trend noticed by all publishers) will increase the
isolation of libraries.
33
looking to the future
challenges for us all (2 of 2)
5. Introducing robust, fit-for-purpose mechanisms for
7. The library profession desperately needs leadership
monitoring and evaluating their users (and
to develop a new vision for the 21st century and
information services). Faced with the prospect that
reverse its declining profile and influence. This
the future scholar will only ever want to use them
should start with effecting that shift from a
remotely it is absolutely crucial that libraries have a
content-orientation to a user-facing perspective
means of monitoring and evaluating what they do.
and then on to an outcome focus.
Furthermore, it is not sufficient to just listen and
monitor it is also necessary to change in response
to this data. Otherwise libraries will be increasingly
marginalized and anonomized in the virtual
information world. No private sector corporation
would survive on the basis of failing to invest in
consumer profiling, market research and loyalty
programmes. No library we are aware of has a
department devoted to the evaluation of the user,
how can that be?
6. Really getting information skills on the agenda
because clearly people are having great difficulties
navigating and profiting from the virtual scholarly
environment. To succeed it will be necessary to
lead on outcomes/benefits (better researchers,
degrees etc) and work closely with publishers.
34
notes
and endnotes
Notes
[17] John Horrigan. A Typology of Information and
`The evidence base relevant to the issues raised in this report is
Communication Technology Users. Washington, DC: Pew
incomplete and, in some cases, contradictory. Where
Internet and American Life Project, 7 May 2007.
appropriate, we indicate our level of confidence in the findings
[18] Sharing, Privacy and Trust in Our Networked World: A Report
based on an assessment of the literature and other evidence.
to the OCLC Membership. Dublin, OH: OCLC, 2007.
[19] Sarah Ann Long, Digital natives: if you aren’t one, get to
Endnotes
know one, New Library World, 106(1210/1211) 2005, pp.
[1] Jason Frand, The information mindset: Changes in students
187-189.
and implications for higher education, EDUCAUSE Review,
[20] Synovate. Leisure Time: Clean Living Youth Shun New
March / April 2006, p.15.
Technology. Available online at www.synovate.com/current/
[2] College Students’ Perceptions of the Libraries and Information
news/article/2007/02 [13 December 2007].
Resources: A Report to the OCLC Membership. Dublin, OH:
[21] Communications Market Report: Converging
OCLC, 2006.
Communications Markets. Ofcom, August 2007.
[3] CIBER Work Package IV, passim
[22] Ibid.
[4] CIBER Work Package V, pp58-71.
[23] Ibid.
[5] CIBER Work Package V, pp. 45-46.
[24] Synovate. Leisure Time: Clean Living Youth Shun New
[6] CIBER Work Package IV, pp. 20-22.
Technology. Available online at www.synovate.com/current/
[7] CIBER Work Package IV, p.21
news/article/2007/02 [13 December 2007].
[8] CIBER Work Package IV, pp. 3 and 8.
[25] CIBER Work Package II, pp. 3-5.
[9] CIBER SuperBook project, www.ucl.ac.uk/slais/research/
[26] Diana Oblinger and Brian Hawkins, EDUCAUSE Review,
ciber/superbook
March/April 2006, p.12
[10] CIBER Work Package IV, passim
[27] CIBER Work Package II, pp. 8-10.
[11] CIBER Work Package II, pp. 8-11.
[28] Andrew Large, Children, Teenagers and the Web. Annual
[12] Andrew Large, Children, Teenagers and the Web. Annual
Review of Information Science and Technology, 39(1) 2006, pp.
Review of Information Science and Technology, 39(1) 2006, pp.
347-392.
347-392.
[29] Lucy Merchant and Mark Hepworth, Journal of Librarianship
[13] CIBER Case Study I: An Evaluation of BL Learning: A
and Information Science 34(2) 2002, p.81.
Website for Younger Scholars. London: CIBER, 29 November
[30] See, for example, Melissa Gross and Don Latham, Attaining
2007.
information literacy: An investigation of the relationship between
[14] CIBER Case Study II: A User Evaluation of Intute. London:
skill level, self-estimates of skill, and library anxiety. Library and
CIBER, 29 November 2007.
Information Science Research 29(3) 2007, pp. 332-353.
[15] Diana Oblinger and Brian Hawkins, EDUCAUSE Review,
[31] Bright Future for Organic TVs. Scientific American, 5 October
March/April 2006, p.12
2007, p.7.
[16] CIBER Work Package II, p.7
[32] Joan Lippincott, Net Generation students and libraries,
EDUCAUSE Review, March/April 2006, p. 57.
35
