Fm 2 22.3 (fm 34 52) Human Intelligence Collector Operations
FM 2-22.3 (FM 34-52)
HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
COLLECTOR OPERATIONS
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
September 2006
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
NOTE: All previous versions of this manual are obsolete. This document is identical in content
to the version dated 6 September 2006. All previous versions of this manual should be
destroyed in accordance with appropriate Army policies and regulations.
This publication is available at
Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and
General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine
Digital Library at (www.train.army.mil).
*FM 2-22.3 (FM 34-52)
Field Manual
Headquarters
No. 2-22.3
Department of the Army
Washington, DC, 6 September 2006
Human Intelligence Collector Operations
Contents
Page
PREFACE ............................................................................................................... vi
PART ONE
HUMINT SUPPORT, PLANNING, AND MANAGEMENT
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1-1
Intelligence Battlefield Operating System .............................................................1-1
Intelligence Process..............................................................................................1-1
Human Intelligence ...............................................................................................1-4
HUMINT Source....................................................................................................1-4
HUMINT Collection and Related Activities ...........................................................1-7
Traits of a HUMINT Collector..............................................................................1-10
Required Areas of Knowledge ............................................................................1-12
Capabilities and Limitations ................................................................................1-13
Chapter 2
HUMAN INTELLIGENCE STRUCTURE ..............................................................2-1
Organization and Structure ...................................................................................2-1
HUMINT Control Organizations ............................................................................2-2
HUMINT Analysis and Production Organizations.................................................2-6
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
NOTE: All previous versions of this manual are obsolete. This document is identical in content to the version
dated 6 September 2006. All previous versions of this manual should be destroyed in accordance with
appropriate Army policies and regulations.
*This publication supersedes FM 34-52, 28 September 1992, and ST 2-22.7, Tactical Human Intelligence and
Counterintelligence Operations, April 2002.
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
i
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 3
HUMINT IN SUPPORT OF ARMY OPERATIONS.............................................. 3-1
Offensive Operations............................................................................................ 3-1
Defensive Operations ........................................................................................... 3-2
Stability and Reconstruction Operations ............................................................. 3-3
Civil Support Operations....................................................................................... 3-7
Military Operations in Urban Environment............................................................ 3-8
HUMINT Collection Environments........................................................................ 3-8
EAC HUMINT ....................................................................................................... 3-9
Joint, Combined, and DOD HUMINT Organizations .......................................... 3-10
Chapter 4
HUMINT OPERATIONS PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT............................... 4-1
HUMINT and the Operations Process.................................................................. 4-1
HUMINT Command and Control .......................................................................... 4-3
Technical Control.................................................................................................. 4-4
Command and Support Relationships.................................................................. 4-4
HUMINT Requirements Management .................................................................. 4-5
HUMINT Mission Planning ................................................................................. 4-15
Task Organization .............................................................................................. 4-18
Operational Considerations................................................................................ 4-19
Operations Plans, Operations Orders, and Annexes ......................................... 4-21
Operational Coordination.................................................................................... 4-22
PART TWO
HUMINT COLLECTION IN MILITARY SOURCE OPERATIONS
Chapter 5
HUMINT COLLECTION ....................................................................................... 5-1
HUMINT Collection Operations ............................................................................ 5-1
Human Source Contact Operations ..................................................................... 5-2
Debriefing Operations........................................................................................... 5-7
Liaison Operations.............................................................................................. 5-12
Interrogation Operations..................................................................................... 5-13
Types of Interrogation Operations...................................................................... 5-27
PART THREE THE HUMINT COLLECTION PROCESS
Chapter 6
SCREENING ....................................................................................................... 6-1
Human Source Screening .................................................................................... 6-1
Screening Operations........................................................................................... 6-2
Screening Process ............................................................................................... 6-9
Screening Methodologies ................................................................................... 6-11
Screening Requirements .................................................................................... 6-12
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
ii
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Initial Data and Observations..............................................................................6-13
Source Assessment ............................................................................................6-14
Other Types of Screening Operations ................................................................6-15
Chapter 7
PLANNING AND PREPARATION .......................................................................7-1
Collection Objectives.............................................................................................7-1
Research ...............................................................................................................7-1
HUMINT Collection Plan .......................................................................................7-8
Final Preparations ...............................................................................................7-13
Chapter 8
APPROACH TECHNIQUES AND TERMINATION STRATEGIES......................8-1
Approach Phase....................................................................................................8-1
Developing Rapport ..............................................................................................8-3
Approach Techniques ...........................................................................................8-6
Approach Strategies for Interrogation.................................................................8-20
Approach Strategies for Debriefing.....................................................................8-21
Approach Strategies for Elicitation......................................................................8-22
Termination Phase ..............................................................................................8-23
Chapter 9
QUESTIONING .....................................................................................................9-1
General Questioning Principles ............................................................................9-1
Direct Questions....................................................................................................9-1
Elicitation...............................................................................................................9-5
Leads.....................................................................................................................9-5
Detecting Deceit....................................................................................................9-6
HUMINT Collection Aids .......................................................................................9-9
Recording Techniques ..........................................................................................9-9
Questioning With an Analyst or a Technical Expert............................................9-11
Third-Party Official and Hearsay Information......................................................9-12
Conducting Map Tracking ...................................................................................9-13
Special Source Categories .................................................................................9-16
Chapter 10
REPORTING .......................................................................................................10-1
Reporting Principles............................................................................................10-1
Report Types.......................................................................................................10-1
Reporting Architecture ........................................................................................10-5
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
iii
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 11
HUMINT COLLECTION WITH AN INTERPRETER .......................................... 11-1
Advantages and Disadvantages of Interpreter Use ........................................... 11-1
Methods of Interpreter Use................................................................................. 11-2
Sources of Interpreters ....................................................................................... 11-4
Interpretation Techniques................................................................................... 11-5
Training and Briefing the Interpreter................................................................... 11-5
Placement of the Interpreter ............................................................................... 11-6
Interactions With and Correction of the Interpreter ............................................ 11-7
Interpreter Support in Report Writing ................................................................. 11-8
Evaluating the Interpreter ................................................................................... 11-8
Managing an Interpreter Program ...................................................................... 11-9
PART FOUR
ANALYSIS AND TOOLS
Chapter 12
HUMINT ANALYSIS AND PRODUCTION ........................................................ 12-1
Analytical Support to Operational Planning........................................................ 12-1
Operational Analysis and Assessment............................................................... 12-3
Source Analysis.................................................................................................. 12-4
Single-Discipline HUMINT Analysis and Production .......................................... 12-4
HUMINT Source Selection ............................................................................... 12-19
Chapter 13
AUTOMATION AND COMMUNICATION.......................................................... 13-1
Automation.......................................................................................................... 13-1
Collection Support Automation Requirements ................................................... 13-2
Analytical Automation Requirements ................................................................. 13-3
Automation Systems........................................................................................... 13-7
Communications................................................................................................. 13-8
APPENDIX A
GENEVA CONVENTIONS ...................................................................................A-1
Section I. Geneva Conventions Relative to the Treatment
of Prisoners of War (Third Geneva Convention) .................................A-1
Section II. Geneva Conventions Relative to the Protection of
Civilian Persons in Time of War (Fourth Geneva Convention) ........A-47
APPENDIX B
SOURCE AND INFORMATION RELIABILITY MATRIX.....................................B-1
APPENDIX C
PRE-DEPLOYMENT PLANNING ....................................................................... C-1
APPENDIX D
S2 GUIDE FOR HANDLING DETAINEES, CAPTURED ENEMY DOCUMENTS,
AND CAPTURED ENEMY EQUIPMENT............................................................ D-1
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
iv
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX E
EXTRACTS FROM ALLIED JOINT PUBLICATION (AJP)-2.5 .......................... E-1
APPENDIX F
NATO SYSTEM OF ALLOCATING INTERROGATION SERIAL NUMBERS ... F-1
APPENDIX G
QUESTIONING QUICK REFERENCE ................................................................G-1
APPENDIX H
SALUTE REPORTING ........................................................................................ H-1
APPENDIX I
DOCUMENT EXPLOITATION AND HANDLING..................................................I-1
APPENDIX J
REFERENCES......................................................................................................J-1
APPENDIX K
CONTRACT INTERROGATORS ........................................................................ K-1
APPENDIX L
SAMPLE EQUIPMENT FOR HCT OPERATIONS...............................................L-1
APPENDIX M
RESTRICTED INTERROGATION TECHNIQUE - SEPARATION .....................M-1
GLOSSARY ............................................................................................. Glossary-1
BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................Bibliography-1
INDEX ............................................................................................................Index-1
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
v
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Preface
This manual provides doctrinal guidance, techniques, and procedures governing the
employment of human intelligence (HUMINT) collection and analytical assets in
support of the commander’s intelligence needs. It outlines⎯
• HUMINT operations.
• The HUMINT collector’s role within the intelligence operating system.
• The roles and responsibilities of the HUMINT collectors and the roles of those
providing the command, control, and technical support of HUMINT collection
operations.
This manual expands upon the information contained in FM 2-0. It
supersedes FM 34-52 and rescinds ST 2-22.7. It is consistent with doctrine
in FM 3-0, FM 5-0, FM 6-0, and JP 2-0. In accordance with the Detainee
Treatment Act of 2005, the only interrogation approaches and techniques
that are authorized for use against any detainee, regardless of status or
characterization, are those authorized and listed in this Field Manual.
Some of the approaches and techniques authorized and listed in this Field
Manual also require additional specified approval before implementation.
This manual will be reviewed annually and may be amended or updated from time to
time to account for changes in doctrine, policy, or law, and to address lessons learned.
This manual provides the doctrinal guidance for HUMINT collectors and
commanders and staffs of the MI organizations responsible for planning and
executing HUMINT operations. This manual also serves as a reference for personnel
developing doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP); materiel and force
structure; institutional and unit training; and standing operating procedures (SOPs),
for HUMINT operations at all army echelons. In accordance with TRADOC
Regulation 25-36, the doctrine in this field manual is not policy (in and of itself), but
is “…a body of thought on how Army forces operate….[It] provides an authoritative
guide for leaders and soldiers, while allowing freedom to adapt to circumstances.”
This manual applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard/Army National
Guard of the United States, and the United States Army Reserve unless otherwise
stated. This manual also applies to DOD civilian employees and contractors with
responsibility to engage in HUMINT collection activities. It is also intended
for commanders and staffs of joint and combined commands, and Service Component
Commands (SCC). Although this is Army doctrine, adaptations will have to be made
by other Military Departments, based on each of their organizations and specific
doctrine.
Material in this manual applies to the full range of military operations. Principles
outlined also are valid under conditions involving use of electronic warfare (EW) or
nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) weapons.
This manual is intended for use by military, civilian, and civilian contractor
HUMINT collectors, as well as commanders, staff officers, and military intelligence
(MI) personnel charged with the responsibility of the HUMINT collection effort.
HUMINT operations vary depending on the source of the information. It is essential
that all HUMINT collectors understand that, whereas operations and sources may
vi
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
differ, the handling and treatment of sources must be accomplished in accordance
with applicable law and policy. Applicable law and policy include US law; the law of
war; relevant international law; relevant directives including DOD Directive 3115.09,
“DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”;
DOD Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee Program”; DOD
instructions; and military execute orders including fragmentary orders (FRAGOs).
Interrogation, the HUMINT subdiscipline responsible for MI exploitation of enemy
personnel and their documents to answer the supported specific information
requirements (SIRs), requires the HUMINT collector to be fully familiar with both
the classification of the source and applicable law. The principles and techniques of
HUMINT collection are to be used within the constraints established by US law
including the following:
• The Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ).
• Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and
Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (including Common Article III), August 12,
1949; hereinafter referred to as GWS.
• Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (including
Common Article III), August 12, 1949; hereinafter referred to as GPW.
• Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of
War (including Common Article III), August 12, 1949; hereinafter referred to as
GC.
• Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, Public Law No. 109-163, Title XIV.
HUMINT collectors must understand specific terms used to identify categories of
personnel when referring to the principles and techniques of interrogation.
Determination of a detainee’s status may take a significant time and may not be
completed until well after the time of capture. Therefore, there will be no difference
in the treatment of a detainee of any status from the moment of capture until such a
determination is made. The following terms are presented here and in the glossary.
• Civilian Internee: A person detained or interned in the United States or in
occupied territory for security reasons, or for protection, or because he or she has
committed an offense against the detaining power, and who is entitled to
“protected person” status under the GC.
• Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW): A detained person, as defined in Articles 4 and
5 of the GPW. In particular, one who, while engaged in combat under orders of
his or her government, is captured by the armed forces of the enemy. As such,
he or she is entitled to the combatant’s privilege of immunity from the municipal
law of the capturing state for warlike acts that do not amount to breaches of the
law of armed conflict. For example, an EPW may be, but is not limited to, any
person belonging to one of the following categories of personnel who have fallen
into the power of the enemy; a member of the armed forces, organized militia or
volunteer corps; a person who accompanies the armed forces, without actually
being a member thereof; a member of a merchant marine or civilian aircraft
crew not qualifying for more favorable treatment; or individuals who, on the
approach of the enemy, spontaneously take up arms to resist invading forces.
• Other Detainees: Persons in the custody of the US Armed Forces who have not
been classified as an EPW (Article 4, GPW), retained personnel
(Article 33, GPW), and Civilian Internee (Articles 27, 41, 48, and 78, GC) shall
be treated as EPWs until a legal status is ascertained by competent authority;
for example, by Article 5 Tribunal.
• Retained Personnel: (See Articles 24 and 26, GWS.)
6 September 2006
vii
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
– Official medical personnel of the armed forces exclusively engaged in the
search for, or the collection, transport or treatment of wounded or sick, or in
the prevention of disease, and staff exclusively engaged in the administration
of medical units and facilities.
– Chaplains attached to the armed forces.
– Staff of National Red Cross Societies and that of other Volunteer Aid
Societies, duly recognized and authorized by their governments to assist
Medical Service personnel of their own armed forces, provided they are
exclusively engaged in the search for, or the collection, transport or treatment
of wounded or sick, or in the prevention of disease, and provided that the
staff of such societies are subject to military laws and regulations.
• Protected Persons: Include civilians entitled to protection under the GC,
including those we retain in the course of a conflict, no matter what the reason.
• Enemy Combatant: In general, a person engaged in hostilities against the
United States or its coalition partners during an armed conflict. The term
“enemy combatant” includes both “lawful enemy combatants” and “unlawful
enemy combatants.” All captured or detained personnel, regardless of status,
shall be treated humanely, and in accordance with the Detainee Treatment Act
of 2005 and DOD Directive 2310.1E, “Department of Defense Detainee
Program”, and no person in the custody or under the control of DOD, regardless
of nationality or physical location, shall be subject to torture or cruel, inhuman,
or degrading treatment or punishment, in accordance with and as defined in US
law.
– Lawful Enemy Combatant: Lawful enemy combatants, who are entitled to
protections under the Geneva Conventions, include members of the regular
armed forces of a State Party to the conflict; militia, volunteer corps, and
organized resistance movements belonging to a State Party to the conflict,
which are under responsible command, wear a fixed distinctive sign
recognizable at a distance, carry their arms openly, and abide by the laws of
war; and members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a
government or an authority not recognized by the detaining power.
– Unlawful Enemy Combatant: Unlawful enemy combatants are persons not
entitled to combatant immunity, who engage in acts against the United
States or its coalition partners in violation of the laws and customs of war
during an armed conflict. For the purposes of the war on terrorism, the term
“unlawful enemy combatant” is defined to include, but is not limited to, an
individual who is or was part of or supporting Taliban or al Qaeda forces, or
associated forces that are engaged in hostilities against the United States or
its coalition partners.
Headquarters, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) is the
proponent for this publication. The preparing agency is the US Army Intelligence
Center and Fort Huachuca, Fort Huachuca, AZ. Send written comments and
recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and
Blank Forms) directly to Commander, ATZS-CDI-D (FM 2-22.3), U.S. Army
Intelligence Center and Fort Huachuca, 550 Cibeque Street, Fort Huachuca, AZ
85613-7017. Send comments and recommendations by e-mail to ATZS-FDT-
D@hua.army.mil. Follow the DA Form 2028 format or submit an electronic DA Form
2028.
Unless otherwise stated, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to
men. Use of the terms “he” and “him” in this manual should be read as referring to
both males and females unless otherwise expressly noted.
viii
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
PART ONE
HUMINT Support, Planning, and Management
HUMINT collection activities include three general categories: screening,
interrogation, and debriefing. In some cases these may be distinguished by legal
distinctions between source categories such as between interrogation and
debriefing. In others, the distinction is in the purpose of the questioning. Regardless
of the type of activity, or goal of the collection effort, HUMINT collection operations
must be characterized by effective support, planning, and management.
_________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 1
Introduction
INTELLIGENCE BATTLEFIELD OPERATING SYSTEM
1-1. The Intelligence battlefield operating system (BOS) is one of seven
operating systems⎯Intelligence, maneuver, fire support, air defense,
mobility/countermobility/survivability, combat service support (CSS), and
command and control⎯that enable commanders to build, employ, direct, and
sustain combat power. The Intelligence BOS is a flexible force of Intelligence
personnel, organizations, and equipment. Individually and collectively, these
assets generate knowledge of and products portraying the enemy and the
environmental features required by a command planning, preparing,
executing, and assessing operations. Inherent within the Intelligence BOS is
the capability to plan, direct, and synchronize intelligence, surveillance, and
reconnaissance (ISR) operations; collect and process information; produce
relevant intelligence; and disseminate intelligence and critical information in
an understandable and presentable form to those who need it, when they
need it. As one of the seven disciplines of the Intelligence BOS, HUMINT
provides a capability to the supported commander in achieving information
superiority on the battlefield.
INTELLIGENCE PROCESS
1-2. Intelligence operations consist of the functions that constitute the
intelligence process: plan, prepare, collect, process, produce, and the
common tasks of analyze, disseminate, and assess that occur throughout
the intelligence process. Just as the activities of the operations process
overlap and recur as circumstances demand, so do the functions of the
intelligence process. Additionally, the analyze, disseminate, and assess tasks
6 September 2006
1-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
of the intelligence process occur continuously throughout the intelligence
process. (See Figure 1-1.)
• Plan. This step of the intelligence process consists of activities that
include assessing the situation, envisioning a desired outcome (also
known as setting the vision), identifying pertinent information and
intelligence requirements, developing a strategy for ISR operations to
satisfy those requirements, directing intelligence operations, and
synchronizing the ISR effort. The commander’s intent, planning
guidance, and commander’s critical information requirements (CCIRs)
(priority information requirements [PIRs] and friendly force
information requirements [FFIRs]) drive the planning of intelligence
operations. Commanders must involve their supporting staff judge
advocate (SJA) when planning intelligence operations (especially
HUMINT operations). Planning, managing, and coordinating these
operations are continuous activities necessary to obtain information
and produce intelligence essential to decisionmaking.
• Prepare. This step includes those staff and leader activities that take
place upon receiving the operations plan (OPLAN), operations order
(OPORD), warning order (WARNO), or commander’s intent to improve
the unit’s ability to execute tasks or missions and survive on the
battlefield.
• Collect. Recent ISR doctrine necessitates that the entire staff,
especially the G3/S3 and G2/S2, must change their reconnaissance and
surveillance (R&S) mindset to conducting ISR. The staff must carefully
focus ISR on the CCIR but also enable the quick re-tasking of units
and assets as the situation changes. This doctrinal requirement
ensures that the enemy situation, not just our OPLAN, “drives” ISR
operations. Well-developed procedures and carefully planned flexibility
to support emerging targets, changing requirements, and the need to
support combat assessment are critical. The G3/S3 and G2/S2 play a
critical role in this challenging task that is sometimes referred to as
“fighting ISR” because it is so staff intensive during planning and
execution (it is an operation within the operation). Elements of all
units on the battlefield obtain information and data about enemy
forces, activities, facilities, and resources as well as information
concerning the environmental and geographical characteristics of a
particular area.
• Process. This step converts relevant information into a form suitable
for analysis, production, or immediate use by the commander.
Processing also includes sorting through large amounts of collected
information and intelligence (multidiscipline reports from the unit’s
ISR assets, lateral and higher echelon units and organizations, and
non-MI elements in the battlespace). Processing identifies and exploits
that information which is pertinent to the commander’s intelligence
requirements and facilitates situational understanding. Examples of
processing include developing film, enhancing imagery, translating a
document from a foreign language, converting electronic data into a
standardized report that can be analyzed by a system operator, and
1-2
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
correlating dissimilar or jumbled information by assembling like
elements before the information is forwarded for analysis.
• Produce. In this step, the G2/S2 integrates evaluated, analyzed, and
interpreted information from single or multiple sources and disciplines
into finished intelligence products. Like collection operations, the
G2/S2 must ensure the unit’s information processing and intelligence
production are prioritized and synchronized to support answering the
collection requirements.
Facilitates
Situational
Understanding
Releva
Relev nt
COMMANDER
Information
(which includes
Intelligence)
Operations Process
Intelligence Process
PREPAR
A E
ASSESS
A
EXECUTE
is a
continuous
inuo
function
PRODUCE
ANALYZE,
DISSEMINAT
A E,
PLAN
A
PROCESS
and AS
and A SESS
are
PLAN
A
continuous
inuou
funct
f
ions
COLLECT
PREPAR
PREPA E
The Oper
The Ope at
a ions P
i
roces
oc
s
es
provi
prov d
i es guida
es
nce
guida
and
nce
focus
focus which dri
ic
v
h dri es
v the
es
The Intell
e igence
e Pro
r cess
Intelligence Proce
c ss
s
provi
prov d
i es cont
es
inuous
intelligence input es
i
s
nput es e
s ntia
nti l
a
to the O
the perati
er
ons
ati
P
ons roce
r
s
oce s
Commander’s
Intent
Figure 1-1. Intelligence Process.
1-3. For more information on the Intelligence process, see FM 2-0.
6 September 2006
1-3
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
1-4. HUMINT is the collection of information by a trained HUMINT collector
(military occupational specialties [MOSs] 97E, 351Y [formerly 351C], 351M
[formerly 351E], 35E, and 35F), from people and their associated documents
and media sources to identify elements, intentions, composition, strength,
dispositions, tactics, equipment, personnel, and capabilities. It uses human
sources as a tool and a variety of collection methods, both passively and
actively, to gather information to satisfy the commander’s intelligence
requirements and cross-cue other intelligence disciplines.
1-5. HUMINT tasks include but are not limited to—
• Conducting source operations.
• Liaising with host nation (HN) officials and allied counterparts.
• Eliciting information from select sources.
• Debriefing US and allied forces and civilian personnel including
refugees, displaced persons (DPs), third-country nationals, and local
inhabitants.
• Interrogating EPWs and other detainees.
• Initially exploiting documents, media, and materiel.
Note. In accordance with Army regulatory and policy guidance, a select set of intelligence
personnel may be trained and certified to conduct certain HUMINT tasks outside of those
which are standard for their primary MOS. Such selection and training will qualify these
personnel to conduct only those specific additional tasks, and will not constitute
qualifications as a HUMINT collector.
HUMINT SOURCE
1-6. A HUMINT source is a person from whom information can be obtained.
The source may either possess first- or second-hand knowledge normally
obtained through sight or hearing. Potential HUMINT sources include
threat, neutral, and friendly military and civilian personnel. Categories of
HUMINT sources include but are not limited to detainees, refugees, DPs,
local inhabitants, friendly forces, and members of foreign governmental and
non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
HUMINT COLLECTOR
1-7. For the purpose of this manual, a HUMINT collector is a person who is
specifically trained and certified for, tasked with, and engages in the
collection of information from individuals (HUMINT sources) for the purpose
of answering intelligence information requirements. HUMINT collectors
specifically include enlisted personnel in MOS 97E, Warrant Officers (WOs)
in MOS 351M (351E) and MOS 351Y (351C), commissioned officers in MOS
35E and MOS 35F, select other specially trained MOSs, and their Federal
civilian employee and civilian contractor counterparts. These specially
trained and certified individuals are the only personnel authorized to
conduct HUMINT collection operations, although CI agents also use
HUMINT collection techniques in the conduct of CI operations. HUMINT
1-4
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
collection operations must be conducted in accordance with applicable law
and policy. Applicable law and policy include US law; the law of war; relevant
international law; relevant directives including DOD Directive 3115.09,
“DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical
Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee
Program”; DOD instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs.
Additional policies and regulations apply to management of contractors
engaged in HUMINT collection. (See Bibliography for additional references
on contractor management.) HUMINT collectors are not to be confused with
CI agents, MOS 97B and WO MOS 351L (351B). CI agents are trained and
certified for, tasked with, and carry out the mission of denying the enemy the
ability to collect information on the activities and intentions of friendly
forces. Although personnel in 97E and 97B MOSs may use similar methods
to carry out their missions, commanders should not use them
interchangeably. See Figure 1-2 for HUMINT and CI functions.
PHASES OF HUMINT COLLECTION
1-8. Every HUMINT questioning session, regardless of the methodology
used or the type of operation, consists of five phases. The five phases of
HUMINT collection are planning and preparation, approach, questioning,
termination, and reporting. They are generally sequential; however,
reporting may occur at any point within the process when critical
information is obtained and the approach techniques used will be reinforced
as required through the questioning and termination phases.
Planning and Preparation
1-9. During this phase, the HUMINT collector conducts the necessary research
and operational planning in preparation for a specific collection effort with a
specific source. Chapter 7 discusses this phase in detail.
Approach
1-10. During the approach phase, the HUMINT collector establishes the
conditions of control and rapport to gain the cooperation of the source and to
facilitate information collection. Chapter 8 discusses approach and
termination strategies in detail.
Questioning
1-11. During the questioning phase, the HUMINT collector uses an
interrogation, debriefing, or elicitation methodology to ask a source questions
systematically on relevant topics, collect information in response to the
intelligence tasking, and ascertain source veracity. Chapter 9 discusses
questioning techniques in detail. (See Appendix B for a source and reliability
matrix.)
6 September 2006
1-5
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
HUMINT
N
COUN
CO
TE
UN
R
TE I
R N
I T
N E
T L
E L
L I
L G
I E
G NCE
NC
ROLE
RO
ROL
RO E
L
• Det
De er
e mine
r
• Detect
- Cap
Ca abili
p
ties
abili
• Id
I e
d n
e ti
n fy
ti
- Or
O d
r e
d r
e o
r f
o B
a
B ttle
a
• Expl
Ex o
pl i
o t
i
- Vul
V ne
ul
rabilit
ne
ies
• Ne
N utralize
e
- Intentions
I
TAR
TA G
R E
G T
E
TAR
TA G
R E
G T
E
• Ad
A v
d ersa
e
r
rsa y
r I
y n
I t
n elli
e genc
lli
e
genc
• Ad
A v
d ers
v
ary
ers
Decis
ary
i
Decis onma
i
king
onma
Act
Ac i
t v
i i
v t
i ie
i s
e
Arc
Ar h
c i
h t
i e
t c
e t
c ure
r
INTENT
E
INT
IN ENT
E
Sha
Sh p
a e Bl
p
u
e Bl e
u ’
e s
’
s
De
D gra
e
d
gra e Re
d
d’s
e Re
Visualiz
Visuali ation
z
Visualiz
Visuali ation
z
of Red
of Blue
FUNCTIONS
I
FUNC
FU
T
NC ION
I
S
ON
• HUMINT Collection Ac
A tiv
c
ities
• Col
Co llect
l
i
ect on
i
- Tac
a t
c ical Qu
i
e
cal Qu s
e t
s ioning
i
- Contact Oper
C
at
ontact Oper ions
- Sc
S r
c ee
r ning
ee
- Tac
a ti
c c
ti a
c l S
a
o
l S urce
o
Opera
urce
t
Opera ions
t
- Interr
I
ogatio
nterr
n
ogatio
• Inve
Inv sti
e
g
sti at
g ion
- De
D b
e r
b i
r e
i f
e in
i g
n
- In
I c
n i
c d
i e
d n
e t
n s
- Li
L a
i i
a s
i o
s n
o
- Anom
A
alies
nom
- Huma
H
n
uma S
n o
S urce
o
Opera
urce
t
Opera ions
• Operat
Op
ion
io
- DO
D C
O E
C X
E
- Agent Oper
A
at
gent Oper ions
- CEE
CE Oper
E
at
Oper ions
• Ana
An l
a ys
y i
s s
i
• Ana
An l
a ys
y i
s s
i
- Li
L n
i k
n k Di
D a
i g
a r
g a
r m
a s
m
- Li
L n
i k Diagrams
n
- Pa
P t
a t
t er
e n
r s
n
- Pa
P t
a te
t r
e n
r s
n
Figure 1-2. HUMINT and CI Functions.
Termination
1-12. During the termination phase, the HUMINT collector completes a
questioning session and establishes the necessary conditions for future
collection from the same source by himself or another HUMINT collector.
(See Chapter 8.)
Reporting
1-13. During the reporting phase, the HUMINT collector writes, edits, and
submits written, and possibly oral, reports on information collected in the
course of a HUMINT collection effort. These reports will be reviewed, edited,
and analyzed as they are forwarded through the appropriate channels.
Chapter 10 discusses reporting in detail.
1-6
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
HUMINT COLLECTION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
1-14. HUMINT collection activities include these categories: tactical
questioning, screening, interrogation, debriefing, liaison, human source
contact operations (SCOs), document exploitation (DOCEX), and captured
enemy equipment (CEE) operations. DOCEX and CEE operations are
activities supported by HUMINT collection but usually are only conducted by
HUMINT collectors when the CEE or captured enemy document (CED) is
associated with a source being questioned. In some cases, these
determinations may depend on legal distinctions between collection methods
such as interrogation and debriefing. In others, the distinction is in the
purpose of the questioning. For example, screening is used to identify the
knowledgeability and cooperation of a source, as opposed to the other
activities that are used to collect information for intelligence purposes.
1-15. The activities may be conducted interactively. For example, a HUMINT
collector may be screening a potential source. During the course of the
screening, the HUMINT collector identifies that the individual has
information that can answer requirements. He might at that point debrief or
interrogate the source on that specific area. He will then return to screening
the source to identify other potential areas of interest.
1-16. HUMINT collection activities vary depending on the source of the
information. Once the type of activity has been determined, leaders use the
process of plan, prepare, execute, and assess to conduct the activity. The
following are the different types of HUMINT collection activities.
TACTICAL QUESTIONING
1-17. Tactical questioning is expedient initial questioning for information of
immediate tactical value. Tactical questioning is generally performed by
members of patrols, but can be done by any DOD personnel. (See ST 2-91.6.)
SCREENING
1-18. Screening is the process of identifying and assessing the areas of
knowledge, cooperation, and possible approach techniques for an individual
who has information of intelligence value. Indicators and discriminators used
in screening can range from general appearance, possessions, and attitude to
specific questions to assess areas of knowledge and degree of cooperation to
establish if an individual matches a predetermined source profile. Screening
is not in itself an intelligence collection technique but a timesaving measure
that identifies those individuals most likely to have information of value.
1-19. Screening operations are conducted to identify the level of knowledge,
level of cooperation, and the placement and access of a given source.
Screening operations can also assist in the determination of which discipline
or agency can best conduct the exploitation. Chapter 6 discusses screening in
detail. Screening operations include but are not limited to—
Mobile and static checkpoint screening, including screening of
refugees and DPs.
Locally employed personnel screening.
6 September 2006
1-7
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Screening as part of a cordon and search operation.
EPW and detainee screening.
INTERROGATION
1-20. Interrogation is the systematic effort to procure information to answer
specific collection requirements by direct and indirect questioning techniques
of a person who is in the custody of the forces conducting the questioning.
Some examples of interrogation sources include EPWs and other detainees.
Interrogation sources range from totally cooperative to highly antagonistic.
Interrogations may be conducted at all echelons in all operational
environments. Detainee interrogation operations conducted at a Military
Police (MP) facility, coalition-operated facility, or other agency-operated
collection facility are more robust and require greater planning, but have
greater logistical support. Interrogations may only be conducted by personnel
trained and certified in the interrogation methodology, including personnel
in MOSs 97E, 351M (351E), or select others as may be approved by DOD
policy. Interrogations are always to be conducted in accordance with the Law
of War, regardless of the echelon or operational environment in which the
HUMINT collector is operating.
DEBRIEFING
1-21. Debriefing is the process of questioning cooperating human sources to
satisfy intelligence requirements, consistent with applicable law. The source
usually is not in custody and usually is willing to cooperate. Debriefing may
be conducted at all echelons and in all operational environments. The
primary categories of sources for debriefing are refugees, émigrés, DPs, and
local civilians; and friendly forces.
• Refugees, Émigrés, DPs, and Local Civilians Debriefing
Operations. Refugee, émigré, and DP debriefing operations are the
process of questioning cooperating refugees and émigrés to satisfy
intelligence requirements. The refugee may or may not be in custody,
and a refugee or émigré’s willingness to cooperate need not be
immediate or constant. Refugee debriefings are usually conducted at
refugee collection points or checkpoints and may be conducted in
coordination with civil affairs (CA) or MP operations. Local civilian
debriefing operations are the process of questioning cooperating local
civilians to satisfy intelligence requirements. As with refugees and
émigrés, the local civilians being debriefed may or may not be in
custody and the civilian’s willingness to cooperate may not be
immediate or constant. Debriefing operations must be conducted
consistent with applicable law and policy. Applicable law and policy
include US law; the law of war; relevant international law; relevant
directives including DOD Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence
Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD
Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee Program”;
DOD instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs.
• Friendly Force Debriefing Operations. Friendly force debriefing
operations are the systematic debriefing of US forces to answer
1-8
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
collection requirements. These operations must be coordinated with US
units. (See Chapter 6.)
LIAISON OPERATIONS
1-22. Liaison operations are programs to coordinate activities and exchange
information with host country and allied military and civilian agencies and
NGOs.
HUMAN SOURCE CONTACT OPERATIONS
1-23. Human SCO are operations directed toward the establishment of
human sources who have agreed to meet and cooperate with HUMINT
collectors for the purpose of providing information. Within the Army, SCO
are conducted by trained personnel under the direction of military
commanders. The entire range of HUMINT collection operations can be
employed. SCO sources include one-time contacts, continuous contacts, and
formal contacts from debriefings, liaison, and contact operations. SCO
consist of collection activities that utilize human sources to identify attitude,
intentions, composition, strength, dispositions, tactics, equipment, target
development, personnel, and capabilities of those elements that pose a
potential or actual threat to US and coalition forces. SCO are also employed
to develop local source or informant networks that provide early warning of
imminent danger to US and coalition forces and contribute to the Military
Decision-Making Process (MDMP). See Chapter 5 for discussion of approval,
coordination, and review for each type of activity.
DOCEX OPERATIONS
1-24. DOCEX operations are the systematic extraction of information from
open, closed, published, and electronic source documents. These documents
may include documents or data inside electronic communications equipment,
including computers, telephones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and
Global Positioning System (GPS) terminals. This operation is not solely a
HUMINT function, but may be conducted by any intelligence personnel with
appropriate language support.
1-25. Many CEDs are associated with EPWs and other human sources.
Consequently, a HUMINT collector is often the first person to screen them.
HUMINT collectors will screen the documents associated with human
sources and will extract information of use to them in their immediate
collection operation. Any information discovered during this initial screening
that might cross-cue another collection effort will be forwarded to the
appropriate unit.
1-26. A captured document is usually something that the enemy has written
for his own use. For this reason, captured documents are usually truthful and
accurate. There are cases in which falsified documents have been permitted
to fall into enemy hands as a means of deception but these cases are not the
norm. Normal policy of not relying on single-source information should help
prevent deceptions of this type from being effective. Documents also do not
forget or misinterpret information although it must be remembered that
their authors may have. Usually, each document provides a portion of a
6 September 2006
1-9
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
larger body of information. Each captured document, much like a single piece
of a puzzle, contributes to the whole. In addition to tactical intelligence,
technical data and political indicators that are important to strategic and
national level agencies can sometimes be extracted from captured documents.
Captured documents, while not affected by memory loss, are often time
sensitive; therefore, they are to be quickly screened for possible exploitation.
CEE OPERATIONS
1-27. CEE includes all types of foreign and non-foreign materiel found on a
detainee or on the battlefield that may have a military application or answer
a collection requirement. The capturing unit must––
• Recognize certain CEE as having immediate intelligence value, and
immediately forward such CEE to the unit’s S2. Such items include—
All electronic communications equipment with a memory card,
including computers, telephones, PDAs, and GPS terminals.
All video or photographic equipment.
• Recognize certain CEE as having technical intelligence (TECHINT)
value. Such items include––
New weapons.
All communications equipment not immediately exploitable for
HUMINT value.
Track vehicles.
Equipment manuals.
All CEE known or believed to be of TECHINT interest.
• Evacuate the equipment with the detainee.
• Confiscate, tag, and evacuate weapons and other equipment found on
the detainee the same as CEDs. (See Appendix D.)
• Secure and report the capture of TECHINT items to the unit’s S2 for
disposition instructions.
TRAITS OF A HUMINT COLLECTOR
1-28. HUMINT collection is a science and an art. Although many HUMINT
collection skills may be taught, the development of a skilled HUMINT
collector requires experience in dealing with people in all conditions and
under all circumstances. Although there are many intangibles in the
definition of a “good” HUMINT collector, certain character traits are
invaluable:
• Alertness. The HUMINT collector must be alert on several levels
while conducting HUMINT collection. He must concentrate on the
information being provided by the source and be constantly evaluating
the information for both value and veracity based on collection
requirements, current intelligence, and other information obtained
from the source. Simultaneously, he must be alert not only to what the
source says but also to how it is said and the accompanying body
language to assess the source’s truthfulness, degree of cooperation, and
current mood. He needs to know when to give the source a break and
1-10
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
when to press the source harder. In addition, the HUMINT collector
constantly must be alert to his environment to ensure his personal
security and that of his source.
• Patience and Tact. The HUMINT collector must have patience and
tact in creating and maintaining rapport between himself and the
source, thereby enhancing the success of the questioning. Displaying
impatience may—
Encourage a difficult source to think that if he remains unresponsive
for a little longer, the HUMINT collector will stop questioning.
Cause the source to lose respect for the HUMINT collector, thereby
reducing the HUMINT collector’s effectiveness.
• Credibility. The HUMINT collector must provide a clear, accurate,
and professional product and an accurate assessment of his
capabilities. He must be able to clearly articulate complex situations
and concepts. The HUMINT collector must also maintain credibility
with his source. He must present himself in a believable and consistent
manner, and follow through on any promises made as well as never to
promise what cannot be delivered.
• Objectivity and Self-control. The HUMINT collector must also be
totally objective in evaluating the information obtained. The HUMINT
collector must maintain an objective and dispassionate attitude
regardless of the emotional reactions he may actually experience or
simulate during a questioning session. Without objectivity, he may
unconsciously distort the information acquired. He may also be unable
to vary his questioning and approach techniques effectively. He must
have exceptional self-control to avoid displays of genuine anger,
irritation, sympathy, or weariness that may cause him to lose the
initiative during questioning but be able to fake any of these emotions
as necessary. He must not become emotionally involved with the
source.
• Adaptability. A HUMINT collector must adapt to the many and
varied personalities which he will encounter. He must also adapt to all
types of locations, operational tempos, and operational environments.
He should try to imagine himself in the source's position. By being
adaptable, he can smoothly shift his questioning and approach
techniques according to the operational environment and the
personality of the source.
• Perseverance. A tenacity of purpose can be the difference between a
HUMINT collector who is merely good and one who is superior. A
HUMINT collector who becomes easily discouraged by opposition, non-
cooperation, or other difficulties will not aggressively pursue the
objective to a successful conclusion or exploit leads to other valuable
information.
• Appearance and Demeanor. The HUMINT collector's personal
appearance may greatly influence the conduct of any HUMINT
collection operation and attitude of the source toward the HUMINT
collector. Usually an organized and professional appearance will
favorably influence the source. If the HUMINT collector's manner
6 September 2006
1-11
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
reflects fairness, strength, and efficiency, the source may prove more
cooperative and more receptive to questioning.
• Initiative. Achieving and maintaining the initiative are essential to a
successful questioning session just as the offensive is the key to success
in combat operations. The HUMINT collector must grasp the initiative
and maintain it throughout all questioning phases. This does not mean
he has to dominate the source physically; rather, it means that the
HUMINT collector knows his requirements and continues to direct the
collection toward those requirements.
REQUIRED AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE
1-29. The HUMINT collector must be knowledgeable in a variety of areas in
order to question sources effectively. The collector must prepare himself for
operations in a particular theater or area of intelligence responsibility
(AOIR) by conducting research. The G2 can be a valuable source of
information for this preparatory research. The HUMINT collector should
consult with order of battle (OB) technicians and analysts and collect
information from open sources and from the Secret Internet Protocol Router
Network (SIPRNET) to enhance his knowledge of the AOIR. Some of these
areas of required knowledge are—
• The area of operations (AO) including the social, political, and
economic institutions; geography; history; language; and culture of the
target area. Collectors must be aware of all ethnic, social, religious,
political, criminal, tribal, and economic groups and the
interrelationships between these groups.
• All current and potential threat forces within the AOIR and their
organization, equipment, motivation, capabilities, limitations, and
normal operational methodology.
• Applicable law and policy that might affect HUMINT collection
activities. Applicable law and policy include US law; the law of
war; relevant international law; relevant directives including
DOD Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence Interrogations,
Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD
Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee
Program”; DOD instructions; and military execute orders
including FRAGOs. HUMINT collectors are subject to applicable law,
which includes US law, the law of war (including the Geneva
Conventions as applicable), and relevant international law.
Additionally, local agreements with HNs or allies and the applicable
execute orders and rules of engagement (ROE) may further restrict
HUMINT collection activities. However, these documents cannot
permit interrogation actions that would be illegal under applicable US
or international law.
• The collection requirements, including all specific information
requirements (SIRs) and indicators that will lead to the answering of
the intelligence requirements.
1-12
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
• Cultural awareness in the various AOs will have different social and
regional considerations that affect communications and can affect the
conduct of operations. These may include social taboos, desired
behaviors, customs, and courtesies. The staff must include this
information in pre-deployment training at all levels to ensure that
personnel are properly equipped to interact with the local populace.
1-30. There are other areas of knowledge that help to develop more effective
questioning:
• Proficiency in the target language. The HUMINT collector can
normally use an interpreter (see Chapter 11) and machine translation
as they are developed to conduct questioning. Language proficiency is a
benefit to the HUMINT collector in a number of ways: He can save
time in questioning, be more aware of nuances in the language that
might verify or deny truthfulness, and better control and evaluate
interpreters.
• Understanding basic human behavior. A HUMINT collector can
best adapt himself to the source’s personality and control of the
source’s reactions when he understands basic behavioral factors, traits,
attitudes, drives, motivations, and inhibitions. He must not only
understand basic behavioral principles but also know how these
principles are manifested in the area and culture in which he is
operating.
• Neurolinguistics. Neurolinguistics is a behavioral communication
model and a set of procedures that improve communication skills. The
HUMINT collector should read and react to nonverbal
communications. He must be aware of the specific neurolinguistic clues
of the cultural framework in which he is operating.
CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS
CAPABILITIES
1-31. HUMINT collection capabilities include the ability to⎯
• Collect information and cross-cue from an almost endless variety of
potential sources including friendly forces, civilians, detainees, and
source-related documents.
• Focus on the collection of detailed information not available by other
means. This includes information on threat intentions and local
civilian and threat force attitudes and morale. It also includes building
interiors and facilities that cannot be collected on by other means due
to restrictive terrain.
• Corroborate or refute information collected from other R&S assets.
• Operate with minimal equipment and deploy in all operational
environments in support of offensive, defensive, stability and
reconstruction operations, or civil support operations. Based on solid
planning and preparation, HUMINT collection can provide timely
information if deployed forward in support of maneuver elements.
6 September 2006
1-13
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
LIMITATIONS
1-32. HUMINT collection limitations include⎯
• Interpersonal abilities. HUMINT is dependent on the subjective
interpersonal capabilities of the individual rather than on the abilities
to operate collection equipment. HUMINT collection capability is based
on experience within a specific AO that can only be developed over
time.
• Identification of knowledgeable sources. There is often a multitude of
potential HUMINT sources. Information in response to specific
requirements can only be collected if sources are available and
identified that have that information.
• Limited numbers. There are never enough HUMINT collectors to meet
all requirements. Limited assets must be prioritized in support of units
and operations based on their criticality.
• Time limitations. HUMINT collection, particularly source operations,
takes time to develop. Collection requirements must be developed with
sufficient lead-time for collection.
• Language limitations. Although HUMINT collectors can normally use
an interpreter, a lack of language proficiency by the collector can
significantly slow collection efforts. Such language proficiency takes
time to develop.
• Misunderstanding of the HUMINT mission. HUMINT collectors are
frequently used incorrectly and assigned missions that belong to CA,
MP, interpreter or translators, CI, or other operational specialties.
• Commanders’ risk management. Maneuver commanders, in weighing
the risks associated with employing HUMINT collection teams (HCTs),
should seriously consider the potential loss of a wealth of information
such as enemy activities, locations of high-value personnel, and threats
to the force that they will incur if they restrict HCT collection
activities. J/G2Xs, operational management teams (OMTs), and HCT
leaders must educate maneuver commanders on the benefits of
providing security for HCTs and employing them in accordance with
their capabilities.
• Legal obligations. Applicable law and policy govern HUMINT
collection operations. Applicable law and policy include US law; the
law of war; relevant international law; relevant directives including
DOD Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee
Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E, “The
Department of Defense Detainee Program”; DOD instructions; and
military execute orders including FRAGOs. HUMINT operations may
be further restricted by Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs) and
other agreements, execute orders and ROE, local laws, and an
operational umbrella concept. Such documents, however, cannot
permit interrogation actions that are illegal under applicable law.
• Connectivity and bandwidth requirements. With the exception of the
size, activity, location, unit, time, equipment (SALUTE) report, most
HUMINT reporting requires considerable bandwidth. Deployed
1-14
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
HUMINT teams must be able to travel to, and report from, all areas of
the battlefield. Digital communication equipment must be able to
provide reliable connectivity with teams’ reporting channels and
sufficient bandwidth for transmission of reports, including digital
imagery.
• Timely reporting and immediate access to sources. Except in tactical
situations when HUMINT collectors are in immediate support of
maneuver units, HUMINT collection and reporting takes time. In
stability and reconstruction operations, sources need to be assessed
and developed. Once they are developed, they need to be contacted
which often takes time and coordination. In offensive and defensive
operations, HUMINT collection at detainee holding areas sometimes
may still be timely enough to meet tactical and operational
requirements. See paragraphs 3-2 and 3-7 for more information on
offensive and defensive operations.
6 September 2006
1-15
This page intentionally left blank.
FM 2-22.3
Chapter 2
Human Intelligence Structure
ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE
2-1. The success of the HUMINT collection effort depends on a complex
interrelationship between command and control (C2) elements,
requirements, technical control and support, and collection assets. Each
echelon of command has its supporting HUMINT elements although no MI
organization in the Army is robust enough to conduct sustained HUMINT
operations under all operational environments using only its organic
HUMINT assets. HUMINT units have specific support requirements to the
commander. HUMINT units must be flexible, versatile, and prepared to
conduct HUMINT collection and analysis operations in support of any
echelon of command. A coherent C2 structure within these HUMINT
organizations is necessary in order to ensure successful, disciplined, and
legal HUMINT operations. This structure must include experienced
commissioned officers, warrant officers, and senior NCOs conscientiously
discharging their responsibilities and providing HUMINT collectors with
guidance from higher headquarters.
2-2. Regardless of the echelon, there are four basic elements that work
together to provide the deployed commander with well-focused, thoroughly
planned HUMINT support. The four elements are staff support, analysis, C2,
and collection. Each piece of the infrastructure builds on the next and is
based on the size, complexity, and type of operation as shown in Figure 2-1.
J /G 2
J /G 2 X
A C E
S u p p o rte d
S 2
O th e r
M ilita ry
G o v e rn m e n t
A s s e ts
A g e n c ie s
O p e ra tio n a l
O p e ra tio n a l
M a n a g e m e n t
M a n a g e m e n t
T e a m (G S )
T e a m (D S )
H U M IN T
H U M IN T
C o lle c to r
C o lle c to r
T e a m (s )
T e a m (s )
Figure 2-1. Tactical HUMINT Organization.
6 September 2006
2-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
HUMINT CONTROL ORGANIZATIONS
2-3. HUMINT control organizations are the means by which a commander
exercises command of a unit’s operations. HUMINT control organizations are
vital to the effective use of HUMINT collection assets. HUMINT control
organizations consist of the C/J/G/S2X and the HUMINT operations cell
(HOC) at the brigade and above level and the OMTs at the battalion and
below level.
C/J/G/S2X
2-4. The C/J/G/S2X is a staff element subordinate to the C/J/G/S2, is the
primary advisor on HUMINT and CI, and is the focal point for all HUMINT
and CI activities within a joint task force (JTF) (J2X), an Army component
task force (G2X) or a brigade combat team (BCT) (S2X). The 2X can be
organic to the unit staff or can be attached or under operational control
(OPCON) to the staff from another organization such as the theater MI
brigade. The C/J/G/S2X is part of a coherent architecture that includes
organic HUMINT assets and HUMINT resources from national, theater, and
non-DOD HUMINT organizations.
2-5. The C/J2X is responsible for controlling Joint Force HUMINT assets,
coordinating all HUMINT and CI collection activities, and keeping the joint
force C/J/2 informed on all HUMINT and CI activities conducted in the joint
force area of responsibility (AOR). The C/J2X is also part of the review and
recommendation process concerned with the retention or release of detainees.
HUMINT reports maintained at the C/J2X are considered during the review
for release process. The C/J2X consists of the 2X Officer, a HOC, a
Counterintelligence Coordination Authority (CICA), a HUMINT Analysis
Cell (HAC), and a CI Analysis Cell (CIAC). At all echelons, the 2X should
also include an Operational Support Cell (OSC) staffed to operate 24 hours a
day. The authority and operational responsibilities of a C/J2X in combined or
joint contingency operations (CONOP) takes precedence over service-specific
CI and HUMINT technical control agencies. Specifically, the C/J/G/S2X⎯
• Accomplishes technical control and support, and deconfliction of all
HUMINT and CI assets through the Army component G2X, the
HUMINT and CI operations sections, or the OMTs.
• Participates in planning for deployment of HUMINT and CI assets in
support of operations.
• Coordinates, through the HOC and the CICA, all HUMINT and CI
activities to support intelligence collection and the intelligence aspects
of force protection for the deployed commander.
• Coordinates and deconflicts all HUMINT and CI operations within the
operational area.
• Coordinates with the senior US national intelligence representative for
specific operational approval when required by standing agreements.
• Is the release authority for HUMINT reporting at his echelon and only
releases reports to the all-source system after ensuring all technical
control measures for reporting have been met.
2-2
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
• Coordinates with other HUMINT collection agencies not under the
control of the command, such as Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA),
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI).
• Does not exercise OPCON over HUMINT and CI assets assigned,
attached, or reinforcing the unit; however, he is the staff support
responsible for creating a cohesive HUMINT and CI effort.
• Coordinates with non-DOD agencies conducting HUMINT collection
operations in the joint area of operations (JAO) to ensure deconfliction
of sources, informants, or contacts and the HUMINT reporting that is
generated by these collection operations.
2-6. The J2X will maintain technical control (see para 4-10) of all CI
investigative actions within its AOIR; however, all investigative matters will
be in accordance with DOD policies, joint or Military Department doctrine,
applicable US law and policy, SOFAs, or other International Standardization
Agreements (ISAs). The J2X will advise the responsible Theater CICA
(TCICA) of any Army CI element conducting investigative activities that fall
under the purview of AR 381-20.
OPERATIONS SUPPORT CELL (OSC)
2-7. The OSC in the C/J/G/S2X staff will maintain the consolidated source
registry for all HUMINT and CI activities in the unit’s designated AOIR. The
OSC will provide management of intelligence property book operations,
source incentive programs, and intelligence contingency funds (ICFs) for
subordinate HUMINT and CI elements. The OSC responsibilities also
include requests for information (RFIs) and/or source-directed requirements
(SDRs) management and the release of intelligence information reports
(IIRs).
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE COORDINATION AUTHORITY
2-8. The CICA is assigned under the J/G2X and coordinates all CI activities
within its designated AOIR. (See FM 34-60 for a detailed explanation of the
CI mission.) The CICA⎯
• Provides technical support to all CI assets and coordinates and
deconflicts CI activities in the deployed AOIR.
• Coordinates and supervises CI investigations and collection activities
conducted by all services and components in the AOIR.
• Establishes and maintains the theater CI source database.
• Coordinates with the HOC for CI support to detention, interrogation,
refugee, and other facilities.
• Manages requirements and taskings for CI collectors in the AO in
coordination with the HOC.
• Expedites preparation of CI reports and their distribution to
consumers at all levels.
• Coordinates CI activities with senior CI officers from all CI
organizations on the battlefield.
6 September 2006
2-3
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• Performs liaison with HN and US national level CI organizations.
• Informs the appropriate TCICA when Army CI elements are
conducting CI investigative activities within the purview of AR 381-20.
HUMINT OPERATIONS CELL
2-9. The HOC is assigned under the J/G2X to track all HUMINT activities in
the AOIR. The J/G2X uses this information to advise the senior intelligence
officer (SIO) on all HUMINT activities conducted within the AOIR. The
HOC—
• Provides technical support to all HUMINT collection operations and
deconflicts HUMINT collection operations in the designated AOIR.
• Establishes and maintains a consolidated HUMINT source database in
coordination with the CICA.
• Coordinates with collection managers and the HAC to identify
collection requirements and to ensure requirements are met.
• Coordinates the activities of HUMINT collectors assigned or attached
to interrogation, debriefing, refugee, DOCEX, and other facilities.
• Manages requirements and taskings for HUMINT collectors in the
AOIR, in coordination with the CICA.
• Expedites preparation of intelligence reports and their distribution to
consumers at all levels.
• Performs liaison with HN and US national HUMINT organizations.
OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT TEAM
2-10. A HUMINT OMT consists of senior individuals in MOS 351M (351E)
and MOS 97E. Each OMT can control 2 to 4 HCTs depending upon assigned
mission and operational tempo (OPTEMPO). The OMT performs a necessary
function when two or more HCTs deploy by assisting the HUMINT element
commander in tasking and providing technical support to assigned or
attached HCTs. The OMT is optimally collocated with the command post
(CP) of the supported unit. However, it must be located where it can provide
oversight of team operations and best support the dissemination of tasking,
reports, and technical data between the unit and the deployed collection
assets. When a higher echelon augments subordinate elements with
collection teams, it should include proportional OMT augmentation. When a
single collection team is attached in direct support (DS) of a subordinate
element, the senior team member exerts mission and technical control over
the team. The OMT⎯
• Provides operational and technical control and guidance to deployed
HCTs.
• Normally consists of a WO and noncommissioned officers (NCOs)
whose experience and knowledge provide the necessary guidance for
effective team collection operations.
• Manages the use of ICFs and incentives for the HCTs.
• Provides the collection focus for HCTs.
2-4
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
• Provides quality control and dissemination of reports for subordinate
HCTs.
• Directs the activities of subordinate HCTs and controls their
operations.
• Conducts limited single-discipline HUMINT analysis and mission
analysis for the supported commander.
• Acts as a conduit between subordinate HCTs, the HOC, and the
C/J/G/S2X.
• Reports the HCT mission and equipment status to the HOC and the
command element.
HUMINT COLLECTION TEAM
2-11. HCTs are the elements that collect information from human sources.
The HUMINT collectors deploy in teams of approximately four personnel in
MOS 97E (HUMINT Collector) and MOS 351M (351E) (HUMINT
Technician).
2-12. The HCT may be augmented based on factors of mission, enemy,
terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil
considerations (METT-TC). Interpreters from the RC or civilian contractors
with appropriate security clearances are added when necessary. TECHINT
personnel or other specific subject-matter experts (SMEs) may augment the
team to meet technical collection requirements. Another example would be
pairing HUMINT collectors with dedicated analysts to provide sharper focus
to the interrogation effort. In fixed detention facilities, these HUMINT
collector or analyst relationships may become more enduring. Commanders
are not encouraged to mix HUMINT collectors and CI agents on a single
team. Doing so seriously undermines the ability to conduct both the
HUMINT collection and CI missions simultaneously. However, commanders
may find times when METT-TC factors make it reasonable to augment a CI
team with HUMINT support for a mission, or vice versa.
COMMAND DEBRIEFING TEAM
2-13. A command debriefing team is normally not a table of organization and
equipment (TOE) organization but may be task organized to meet mission
requirements. This task-organized team is normally OPCON to the HOC.
Although more prevalent during stability and reconstruction operations,
senior personnel will often acquire information of intelligence interest during
the normal course of their duties. The HUMINT collection assets,
particularly at division echelon or higher, will normally task organize a team
of more senior, experienced individuals to debrief these senior unit personnel.
In offensive and defensive operations, this same team is prepared to
interrogate high-value detainees (including EPWs) or debrief senior civilians.
The command debriefing team should not be confused with the G2/S2
debriefing program, which also is critical and is an important conduit of
information.
DOCUMENT EXPLOITATION TEAM
6 September 2006
2-5
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
2-14. DOCEX teams are normally found at theater and national level
organizations. Lower echelon HCTs may also be designated to perform the
DOCEX mission based upon mission parameters and linguist availability.
However, if organic assets are used, there will be a mission tradeoff.
Dependent on the priority of exploitation and volume of documents, HCTs
assigned the DOCEX mission may be augmented by military, civilian, or
contractor personnel to accomplish their assigned mission. During
operations, the DOCEX team will normally screen documents, extract
information, and expedite the evacuation of documents to the Joint or
Theater Document Exploitation Facility.
HUMINT ANALYSIS AND PRODUCTION ORGANIZATIONS
2-15. HUMINT analysis and production organizations analyze information
collected from HUMINT sources, support the requirements management
(RM) system, and produce single-discipline intelligence products. HUMINT
analysis and production are conducted at all echelons, separate brigades, and
higher. (See Chapter 12 for a description of the HUMINT analysis system
and methodologies.)
HUMINT ANALYSIS CELL
2-16. The HAC is part of the J/G2X; however, it may be collocated with an
analysis and control element (ACE) or Joint Intelligence Support Element
(JISE) single-source enclave depending on facilities and operational
environment considerations. The HAC works closely with the all-source
intelligence elements and the CIAC to ensure that HUMINT reporting is
incorporated into the all-source analysis and common operational picture
(COP). The HAC is the “fusion point” for all HUMINT reporting and
operational analysis in the JISE and ACE. It determines gaps in reporting
and coordinates with the RM to cross-cue other intelligence sensor systems.
The HAC⎯
• Produces and disseminates HUMINT products and provides input to
intelligence summaries (INTSUMs).
• Uses analytical tools found at the ACE or JISE to develop long-term
analyses and provides reporting feedback that supports the HOC,
OMTs, and HCTs.
• Provides analytical expertise to the C/J/G/S2X, HOC, and OMTs.
• Produces country and regional studies tailored to HUMINT collection.
• Compiles target folders to assist C/J/G/S2X assets in focusing collection
efforts.
• Analyzes and reports on trends and patterns found in HUMINT
reporting.
• Analyzes source reliability and credibility as reflected in reporting and
communicates that analysis to the collector.
• Develops and maintains databases specific to HUMINT collection
activities.
• Produces HUMINT requirements.
2-6
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
• Answers HUMINT-related RFIs.
• Identifies collection gaps and provides context for better collection at
their echelon.
JOINT INTERROGATION AND DEBRIEFING CENTER ANALYSIS SECTION
2-17. This section ensures that all members of the Joint Interrogation and
Debriefing Center (JIDC) (see para 5-102) are aware of the current situation
through the distribution of INTSUMs and products from external agencies.
The Analysis Section also supports the JIDC by––
• Providing situation update briefings to all facility personnel every 12
hours.
• Preparing research and background packets and briefings for
interrogations and debriefings.
• Developing indicators for each intelligence requirement to support
screening operations.
• Conducting single-discipline HUMINT analysis based on collected
information to support further collection efforts.
• Correlating reports produced by the JIDC to facilitate analysis at
higher levels.
• Answering RFIs from interrogators and formulating RFIs that cannot
be answered by the analytical section on behalf of the interrogators.
• Reviewing IIRs and extracting information into analysis tools tailored
to support the interrogation process.
• Pursuing products and resources to support the interrogation effort.
HUMINT ANALYSIS TEAM
2-18. The HUMINT analysis team (HAT) is subordinate to the G2 ACE. The
HAT supports the G2 in the development of IPB products and in developing
and tailoring SIRs to match HUMINT collection capabilities.
6 September 2006
2-7
This page intentionally left blank.
FM 2-22.3
Chapter 3
HUMINT in Support of Army Operations
3-1. Army doctrine for full spectrum operations recognizes four types of
military operations: offensive, defensive, stability and reconstruction, and
civil support. Missions in any environment require the Army to conduct or be
prepared to conduct any combination of these operations. HUMINT assets
will be called on to provide information in support of all four operations.
Simultaneous operations, for example elements of a force conducting
offensive operations while other elements are engaged in stability and
reconstruction operations, will cause a similar division of the limited
HUMINT assets based on METT-TC.
OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
3-2. Offensive operations aim at destroying or defeating the enemy. Rapid
maneuver, constantly changing situations, and a vital need for intelligence
support at the point of contact influence HUMINT missions during offensive
operations. The guiding principle to the use of HUMINT in support of
offensive operations is to minimize the time between when friendly forces
encounter potential sources (detainees, refugees, and local civilians) and
when a HUMINT collector screens them.
3-3. During offensive operations, at echelons corps and below, HCTs
normally operate in the engaged maneuver brigades’ AOs and are further
deployed in support of maneuver battalions based on advice from the OMTs.
These collection assets may be in general support (GS) of the parent brigade
or in DS of the maneuver battalions, reconnaissance squadrons, and other
forward-deployed maneuver assets. The HCTs and their supporting control
structure are deployed in accordance with METT-TC based on three
principles:
• The relative importance of that subordinate element’s operations to the
overall parent unit’s scheme of maneuver and the overall ISR plan.
• The potential for that subordinate element to capture detainees, media
and materiel, or to encounter civilians on the battlefield.
• The criticality of information that could be obtained from those sources
to the success of the parent unit’s overall OPLANs.
3-4. HUMINT missions in support of offensive operations include screening
and interrogating EPWs and other detainees, questioning and debriefing
civilians in the supported unit’s AO, and conducting DOCEX, limited to
extracting information of immediate tactical value. EAC assets normally
support offensive operations through theater interrogation and debriefing
facility operations and mobile interrogation teams. These facilities are better
equipped to conduct in-depth interrogations and DOCEX, so it is imperative
6 September 2006
3-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
that EPWs and other detainees who will be evacuated to theater facilities be
transported there as soon as possible.
HUMINT IN SUPPORT OF FORCED ENTRY OPERATIONS
3-5. Forced entry operations (FEOs) are offensive operations conducted to
establish an initial military presence in a target area in the face of expected
enemy opposition. HUMINT collection assets may be able to provide vital
information to tactical commanders in the critical early stages of the entry
operation. Key considerations for HUMINT support to FEOs include:
• HUMINT collectors attached or under OPCON of the initial force
package to provide HUMINT collection support for the entry force.
Collection teams will normally operate in support of battalion-sized or
smaller elements. HUMINT collection assets should be integrated
early and should participate in all aspects of planning and training,
including rehearsals, to smoothly integrate and execute operations.
• HUMINT assets supporting the entry force must include proportional
OMT elements. For example, if 2 to 4 teams are attached to a
maneuver brigade, an OMT also needs to be attached. Even if the
teams are further attached to maneuver battalions, there must be an
OMT at the brigade level to coordinate and control HUMINT collection
activities.
• HCTs and OMTs must be as mobile and as survivable as the entry
forces. Team leaders should ensure that the supported unit will be able
to provide maintenance support to the team vehicles, as appropriate, in
accordance with the support relationship.
• Attached or OPCON HUMINT teams must have robust
communications connectivity with the supported unit and must have
reach connectivity through their OMT.
• HCTs must contain organic or attached language capability in order to
conduct HUMINT collection effectively during FEO. It is unlikely that
the teams can be augmented with attached civilian interpreters during
this type of operation.
HUMINT IN SUPPORT OF EARLY ENTRY OPERATIONS
3-6. Early entry operations differ from FEOs in that early entry operations
do not anticipate large-scale armed opposition. Early entry operations
establish or enhance US presence, stabilize the situation, and shape the
environment for follow-on forces. HUMINT collection provides critical
support to defining the operational environment and assessing the threat to
US forces. The considerations listed above for FEOs apply equally to early
entry operations.
DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS
3-7. Defensive operations defeat an enemy attack, buy time, economize
forces, hold the enemy in one area while attacking in another, or develop
conditions favorable for offensive operations. Forces conducting defensive
3-2
6 September 2006
________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
operations must be able to identify rapidly the enemy’s main effort and
rapidly assess the operational conditions to determine the timing of counter-
offensive or other operations. HUMINT support to defensive operations
centers on the ability to provide the forward-deployed maneuver commander
with information and intelligence of immediate tactical value. HUMINT
assets should be placed in the AO of the forward elements to minimize the
time between when friendly forces encounter potential sources (detainees,
refugees, local civilians) and when a HUMINT collector screens them.
HUMINT collectors are placed where the potential for HUMINT collection
and the criticality of the information are greatest.
3-8. In defensive operations, it may be necessary to divide the HUMINT
assets equally among the subordinate elements to provide area coverage
until the primary enemy threat is identified. The HUMINT C2 elements
(team leader, OMTs, and unit C2) must be prepared to task organize rapidly
and shift resources as the situation dictates, based on the changing situation
and higher headquarters FRAGO. HUMINT missions in defensive operations
normally include interrogation of detainees, refugee debriefings, and
assisting in friendly force patrol debriefings.
STABILITY AND RECONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
3-9. Stability and reconstruction operations sustain and exploit security and
control over areas, populations, and resources. They employ military and
civilian capabilities to help establish order that advances US interests and
values. The immediate goal often is to provide the local populace with
security, restore essential services, and meet humanitarian needs. The long-
term goal is to help develop indigenous capacity for securing essential
services, a viable market economy, rule of law, democratic institutions, and
robust civil society. Stability and reconstruction operations involve both
coercive and cooperative actions. They may occur before, during, and after
offensive and defensive operations; however, they also occur separately,
usually at the lower end of the range of military operations. The primary
focus of the HCTs during stability and reconstruction operations is to answer
the commander's information requirements (IRs) and provide support to force
protection. In stability and reconstruction operations, the HUMINT collectors
must be able to maintain daily contact with the local population. The nature
of the threat in stability operations can range from conventional forces to
terrorists and organized crime and civil disturbances. Consequently,
intelligence requirements can vary greatly. Examples of HUMINT collection
requirements include TECHINT to support arms control; extensive political
information and demographic data; order of battle (OB) regarding several
different former warring factions during peace operations; or extremely
detailed target data. HUMINT collectors also help to ascertain the feelings,
attitudes, and activities of the local populace. Stability and reconstruction
operations may be conducted in coordination with other US departments and
agencies, and in conjunction with other countries and international
organizations.
3-10. Centralized management and databasing are key to successful
HUMINT operations. The HUMINT assets may operate in GS to the parent
unit or operate in the AO of subordinate elements of the parent unit. For
6 September 2006
3-3
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
example, in a division AO, the HCTs would normally operate in DS to the
division but each team would normally have an AOIR that corresponds to the
AO of the division’s brigades or battalion task forces. There is close
coordination between the HUMINT staff officer (C/J/G/S2X) and the OMTs to
synchronize HUMINT operations properly, to develop the overall threat
awareness, and to deconflict sources. The HCTs screen and debrief contacts
to increase the security posture of US forces, to provide information in
response to command collection requirements, and to provide early warning
of threats to US forces. They may also interrogate detainees if permitted to
do so by the mission-specific orders and in accordance with applicable law
and policy. Applicable law and policy include US law; the law of war; relevant
international law; relevant directives including DOD Directive 3115.09,
“DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical
Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee
Program”; DOD instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs.
3-11. Many stability and reconstruction operations are initiated with the
establishment of a lodgment or base area. There is a subsequent expansion of
operations to encompass the entire AO. The general concept of an HCT’s
operation is that of a two-phased effort. In the initial phase, the HCT
establishes concentric rings of operations around the US forces starting from
the supported unit’s base of operations and working outward. Each ring is
based on the threat environment and the commander’s need to develop his
knowledge of the tactical situation. The second, or continuation phase, begins
once the initial information collection ring is established. The initial ring is
not abandoned but rather is added to as the HCT shifts its focus to expand
and establish the second and successive rings. The amount of time spent
establishing each ring is situationally dependent.
INITIAL PHASE
3-12. The initial phase of stability and reconstruction operations is used to
lay the foundation for future team operations. In general, the priority of
effort is focused inward on security. The HCT conducts initial and follow-up
screenings of locally employed personnel, to establish base data for
subsequent source operations. The supported unit S2, with the assistance of
the HUMINT team leader, establishes procedures to debrief reconnaissance
and surveillance assets operating in the supported unit AO, as well as
regular combat patrols or logistics convoys. The HCT lays the groundwork for
future collection efforts by establishing liaison with local authorities, as well
as developing plans and profiles for HUMINT collection. While establishing
the initial and subsequent rings, the HCT actively seeks to collect PIR
information, whether it pertains to the current ring or any other geographic
location.
CONTINUATION PHASE
3-13. Following the initial phase, the HCT’s focus shifts outward. While the
HCT continues performing HUMINT collection and analysis functions within
the base camp, it also expands its collection effort to outside the base camp to
answer the supported unit’s requirements. During the continuation phase,
the HCT conducts contact operations with local personnel who may be able to
3-4
6 September 2006
________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
provide information of interest to the local commander or to satisfy the
requirements of the tasking or request. The HCT also conducts liaison with
local authorities, coalition forces (if present), NGOs, and others whose
knowledge or activities may affect the success of the US mission. Any time
the HCT is outside the base camp, it must be careful to observe the local
population and report what it sees. The activities and attitudes of the general
population will often have an effect on the commander’s decisions on how to
conduct US missions in the area.
LEVELS OF EMPLOYMENT
3-14. HCTs may be employed with varying degrees of contact with the local
population. As the degree of contact with the population increases, the
quantity and diversity of HUMINT collection increases. In many instances,
however, there is a risk to the HCT inherent with increased exposure to the
local population. The ability of the HCT members to fit in with the local
populace can become very important to their safety. Consequently, the
commander should consider exceptions to the ROE, as well as relaxed
grooming and uniform standards, to help HCT members blend in and provide
additional security. Commanders must consider the culture in which the
HCT members will be operating. In some cultures, bearded men are more
highly respected than clean-shaven men. Relaxing grooming standards for
HCTs in these situations will support the team’s ability to collect
information. The decision regarding what level to employ an HCT is METT-
TC dependent. The risk to the collection assets must be balanced with the
need to collect information and to protect the force as a whole. The
deployment and use of HUMINT collection assets may be limited by legal
restrictions, mission-specific orders, directions from higher headquarters,
and the overall threat level. The four basic levels of employment for the HCT
are discussed below. Figure 3-1 shows these levels as well as their collection
potential versus team security.
Base Camp
• Restricting the HCT to operations within the base camp minimizes the
risk to the team. This action, however, minimizes the collection
potential and maximizes the risk to the force as a whole. While
restricted to a base camp, the HCT can maintain an extremely limited
level of information collection by⎯
Interviewing walk-in sources and locally employed personnel.
Debriefing combat and ISR patrols.
Conducting limited local open-source information collection.
• This mode of deployment should be used only when dictated by
operational restrictions. These would be at the initial stages of stability
and reconstruction operations when the operational environment is
being assessed, or as a temporary expedient when the force protection
level exceeds the ability to provide reasonable protection for the
collectors. A supported unit commander is often tempted to keep the
HCT “inside the wire” when the force protection level or threat
6 September 2006
3-5
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
condition (THREATCON) level increases. The supported unit and
parent commanders must compare the gains of the HCT collection
effort with the risks posed. This is necessary especially during high
THREATCON levels when the supported unit commander needs as
complete a picture as possible of the threat arrayed against US or
multinational forces.
HI
Sof
So t
f
Independent
Independe
C
O P
O
L O
L
L T
Def
De e
f nsi
e
v
nsi e
L
v
E E
Independent
E
Independ
C N
C
T T
TI I
I A
Wit
Wi
O
h
O L
ISR
IS
N L
N
Ass
As e
s t
e s
t
Base
Camp
LO
HI
SECU
SEC R
U I
R T
I Y T
Y O
T T
O HE
H T
E EA
E M
A
LO
Figure 3-1. Team Level of Employment.
Integrated with Other Operations
• Under some circumstances, when it is not expedient to deploy the HCT
independently due to threat levels or other restrictions, it can be
integrated into other ongoing operations. The HCT may be employed
as part of a combat patrol, ISR patrol, or in support of an MP patrol or
stationed at a checkpoint or roadblock. It can also be used to support
CA, psychological operations (PSYOP), engineer, or other operations.
This method reduces the risk to the team while greatly increasing its
collection potential over the confined-to-base-camp method. It has the
advantage of placing the team in contact with the local population and
allowing it to spot, assess, and interact with potential sources of
information.
• The integration into other operations can also facilitate the elicitation
of information. However, this deployment method restricts collection
by subordinating the team’s efforts to the requirements, locations, and
timetables of the unit or operation into which it is integrated.
Integration can be done at the team or individual collector level.
HUMINT collectors should be used only in situations with an
3-6
6 September 2006
________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
intelligence collection potential. It is a waste of a valuable asset to use
them in a function that could be performed by a civilian translator.
As an Independent Patrol
• Defensive. One of the key elements of the HCT success is the
opportunity to spot, assess, and develop relationships with potential
sources of information. Operating as independent patrols, without
being tied to ISR or combat assets, enables the HCTs maximum
interaction with the local population, thereby maximizing the pool of
potential sources of information. The HCT must be integrated into the
supported unit’s ISR plan and be provided with other command
elements as needed to support the collection mission. The team leader
will advise the supported unit on the specific capabilities and
requirements of the team to maximize mission success. This method
also increases the risk to the team. HCT members must carry the
necessary firepower for self-protection. They must also have adequate
communications equipment to call for help if needed. The team’s
posture, equipment, and appearance will be dictated by overall force
restrictions and posture. When operating as an independent patrol, the
HCT should not stand out from overall US forces operations. If US
forces are in battle-dress uniforms and operating out of military
vehicles, so should the HUMINT collectors.
• Soft. If the threat situation is such that soldiers are authorized to
wear civilian clothes when outside base areas, the HUMINT collectors
should also move among the civilian population in civilian clothes, so
that they do not stand out from others in the area.
CIVIL SUPPORT OPERATIONS
3-15. Army support supplements the efforts and resources of state and local
governments and organizations. If a presidential declaration initiates civil
support for a major disaster or emergency, involvement of DOD intelligence
components would be by exception. Civil support requires extensive
coordination and liaison among many organizations—interagency, joint, AC,
and RC—as well as with state and local governments, and in any case will
require compliance with the Posse Comitatus Act, 18 U.S.C., § 1385, when
US forces are employed to assist Federal, state, or local law enforcement
agencies (LEAs). The National Response Plan provides a national level
architecture to coordinate the actions of all supporting agencies.
MILITARY OPERATIONS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENT
3-16. Units are often task organized with additional ISR units and assets to
meet the detailed collection requirements in the urban operations. The
complexities of urban terrain cause degradation in the capabilities of many of
the sensor systems. HUMINT collectors may have to be placed in DS of lower
echelon combat maneuver forces (battalion and lower) to support operations.
HUMINT and combat reporting by units in direct contact with threat forces
and local inhabitants becomes the means of collection. For successful ISR
6 September 2006
3-7
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
planning, the S2 must be aware of the capabilities and limitations of the
various organic and attached collection systems as they apply to urban
operations. As in all environments, commanders must assess the risk
involved in the forward deployment of HUMINT assets.
3-17. In urban operations, people (for example, detainees and civilians) are
the preeminent source of information. HUMINT collection provides
information not otherwise available through signals intelligence (SIGINT)
and imagery intelligence (IMINT) such as threat and local population
intentions. They collect information on, for example, floor plans, defensive
plans, locations of combatants and noncombatants, including civilians in the
buildings and surrounding neighborhoods, and other information. The
collected information is passed directly to the individuals conducting the
combat operation.
3-18. In small-scale contingencies (SSCs) and in peacetime military
engagements (PMEs), contact with local officials and populace by the
HUMINT collectors can be a prime source of information about the local
environment and is a vital component of intelligence support to force
protection. During routine patrolling of urban areas it is often expedient to
place a HUMINT collector with individual patrols. The key difference
between urban and other operations, from major theater war (MTW) to PME,
is the number of HUMINT collectors required. The need for HUMINT
collectors is a function of population density. Whereas in a rural
environment, a HUMINT team may be able to cover an area in excess of
1,200 square kilometers; the same team in a dense urban environment may
be able to cover only 10 square blocks or less.
HUMINT COLLECTION ENVIRONMENTS
HUMINT COLLECTION IN A PERMISSIVE ENVIRONMENT
3-19. In a permissive environment, HCTs normally travel throughout their
specific AOR as separate teams or as part of a larger reconnaissance team.
HUMINT collectors may frequently make direct contact with the individual,
view the activity, or visit the area that is the subject of the ISR effort. They
normally use debriefing and elicitation to obtain first-hand information from
local civilians and officials as their primary collection techniques. Additional
information can be obtained from exploitation of open-source material such
as newspapers, television, and other media. The priority requirements in this
environment are normally linked to force protection. HCTs should establish
liaison and casual source contacts throughout their AOIR. Reporting is
normally via IIRs, although SALUTE reports are used for critical time-
sensitive reporting. Even in a permissive environment, the HUMINT
collector conducts the majority of his collection through the debriefing of
individuals who have first-hand knowledge of the information they are
reporting.
3-8
6 September 2006
________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
HUMINT COLLECTION IN A SEMI-PERMISSIVE ENVIRONMENT
3-20. In a semi-permissive environment, security considerations increase,
but the risk to the collector still must be weighed against the potential
intelligence gain. HCTs should still be used throughout their AOIR but will
normally be integrated into other ground reconnaissance operations or other
planned operations. For example, a HUMINT collector may accompany a CA
team or PSYOP team visiting a village. Security for the team and their
sources is a prime consideration. The HCTs are careful not to establish a
fixed pattern of activity and arrange contacts in a manner that could
compromise the source or the collector. Debriefing and elicitation are still the
primary collection techniques. Teams are frequently deployed to conduct
collection at roadblocks, refugee collection points, and detainee collection
points. They may conduct interrogations of EPWs and other detainees within
the limits of the mission-specific orders, and applicable law and policy.
Applicable law and policy include US law; the law of war; relevant
international law; relevant directives including DOD Directive 3115.09,
“DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical
Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee
Program”; DOD instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs.
DOCEX is also used to accomplish exploitation of threat documents.
Reporting is normally via SALUTE report and IIR.
HUMINT COLLECTION IN A HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT
3-21. In a hostile environment, the three concerns for HUMINT collection
are access to the sources of information, timeliness of reporting, and security
for the HUMINT collectors. Prior to the entry of a force into a hostile AO,
HUMINT collectors are used to debrief civilians, particularly refugees, and to
interrogate EPWs and other detainees who have been in the AO. HCTs are
normally located with the friendly units on the peripheries of the AO to
facilitate timely collection and reporting. If a refugee or EPW/detainee
population exists prior to this mission, they are screened to determine
knowledgability of the AO and are debriefed or interrogated as appropriate.
HUMINT collectors accompany the friendly ground reconnaissance elements
as they enter the AO. As part of the ground reconnaissance force, they
interrogate EPWs and other detainees and debrief refugees, displaced
persons, and friendly force patrols. Reporting is normally via oral or written
SALUTE reports with more detailed information reported via IIRs. They may
also support the S2 through the systematic debriefing of friendly ground
reconnaissance assets and the translation of any documents collected by
them.
EAC HUMINT
MI BRIGADES AND MI GROUPS SUPPORTING COMPONENT COMMANDS
3-22. Each SCC with an outside continental United States (OCONUS)
responsibility has an US Army Intelligence and Security Command
(INSCOM) MI brigade or group to provide operational HUMINT support to
that command. These MI elements provide peacetime support to the unified
6 September 2006
3-9
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
command and add a consistent, forward-deployed presence in a particular
theater of operations. Theater MI brigade and group assets provide HUMINT
support during contingency operations. These HCTs can support a JTF, an
army combatant command, or any deployed element that requires
augmentation.
JOINT, COMBINED, AND DOD HUMINT ORGANIZATIONS
3-23. The Departments of the Air Force and the Navy have limited HUMINT
collection capability. They will normally provide strategic debriefing trained
and certified personnel to joint interrogation and debriefing facilities
primarily to collect information on areas of particular interest to that
Military Department. Within the Department of the Navy, however, the US
Marine Corps has a robust tactical HUMINT collection capability that
operates primarily in support of engaged Marine Corps forces. Marine
expeditionary elements deploy with human exploitation teams (HETs) that
provide organic HUMINT and CI support to the deployed Marine force.
Marine HETs are rapidly deployable and fully equipped to conduct the full
range of tactical HUMINT and CI functions. They can provide support to
either the deployed Marine force or as part of JTF HUMINT or CI teams.
Each Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) has organic HETs. HETs can also
be attached to a Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) for a particular
operation.
SUPPORT AGENCIES
3-24. HUMINT agencies from DOD, national level intelligence agencies, and
LEAs can support the battlefield commander. In a JTF, a national
intelligence support team (NIST) works with the J2X to coordinate national
level activities with JTF and component HUMINT and analytical assets.
Sometimes liaison officers (LNOs) are assigned directly to the C/J/2X to
facilitate collection activities.
• Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). The DIA is a DOD combat
support (CS) agency and an important member of the United States
Intelligence Community. With more than 7,000 military and civilian
employees worldwide, DIA is a major producer and manager of foreign
military intelligence. DIA provides military intelligence to warfighters,
defense policymakers and force planners in DOD and the Intelligence
Community in support of US military planning and operations and
weapon systems acquisition.
Defense HUMINT (DH) Service. The DH Service, a branch of the
DIA, is the force provider for strategic HUMINT forces and
capabilities. During operations, elements from DH form a
partnership within the supported JTF headquarters J2X element for
the coordination and deconfliction of HUMINT source-related
collection activities. DH support to a joint force is outlined in the
classified DIAM 58-11 and DIAM 58-12.
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The CIA supports US national
security policy by providing accurate, evidence-based, comprehensive,
and timely foreign intelligence related to national security. The CIA
3-10
6 September 2006
________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
conducts CI activities, HUMINT collection, special activities, and other
functions related to foreign intelligence and national security as
directed by the President. Joint Pub 2-01.2 (S//NF) contains details of
CIA contributions to the deployed force.
• Department of State. The State Department’s Bureau of Diplomatic
Security provides CI support to diplomatic missions worldwide and
gathers extensive information on intelligence capabilities of
adversaries within that diplomatic mission’s area of concern. The
Bureau of Intelligence and Research is the State Department's primary
source for interpretive analysis of global developments. It is also the
focal point in the State Department for all policy issues and activities
involving the Intelligence Community.
• National Security Agency (NSA). The NSA is a DOD agency that
coordinates, directs, and performs highly specialized activities to
protect US information systems and produce foreign intelligence
information. It is also one of the most important centers of foreign
language analysis and research within the Government.
• Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS). The DCIS is the
criminal investigative arm of the Inspector General (IG) of DOD. The
DCIS’s mission is to protect America’s warfighters by initiating,
conducting, and supervising investigations in support of crucial
National Defense priorities.
• Department of Justice:
Federal Bureau of Investigation. The FBI may provide the deployed
commander with national level expertise on criminal and CI issues if
currently operating in a task force (TF) AO and liaison is established
early.
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). The DEA provides counterdrug
operational expertise to a deployed TF and coordinates its operations
with those of a deployed TF.
• Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The DHS mission is to
prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the
vulnerability of the United States to terrorism, protect the homeland,
its citizens, and critical infrastructure and key resources against
terrorist attack. DHS provides a lead for Federal incident response,
management, and recovery in the event of terrorist attack and natural
disasters. The Secretary of Homeland Security is the principal Federal
official for domestic incident management. Pursuant to the Homeland
Security Act of 2002, the Secretary is responsible for coordinating
Federal operations within the United States to prepare for, respond to,
and recover from terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other
emergencies. DHS operates the Homeland Security Operations Center
(HSOC) and the DHS-led Interagency Incident Management Group
(IIMG). The DHS AOR is the US and its territories. DHS secures and
protects the entry points to the nation, the areas between the entry
points, land and water, for people, and cargo or conveyances. DHS
enforces immigration, customs, and transportation security laws and
6 September 2006
3-11
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
regulations, counter-narcotics, counterfeiting, financial crimes, and
threats to the President. As legislated in the Homeland Security Act of
2002, DHS is chartered as the primary outreach Federal activity for
state, local, and tribal governments, and the private sector. Although
DHS has no direct role in support of a “battlefield commander” outside
the United States, DHS component organizations have representatives
deployed in support of US Government missions in the US Central
Command (USCENTCOM) AOR.
• Department of Energy (DOE). The DOE can assist with the—
Exploitation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
Protection or elimination of weapons and weapons-useable (dual-
use) nuclear material or infrastructure.
Redirection of excess foreign weapons expertise to civilian
enterprises.
Prevention and reversal of the proliferation of WMD.
Reduction of the risk of accidents in nuclear fuel cycle facilities
worldwide.
The capability enhancement of WMD detection including nuclear,
biological, and chemical (NBC).
• National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA). The NGA is a
member of the US Intelligence Community and a DOD Combat
Support Agency. NGA provides timely, relevant, and accurate
geospatial intelligence in support of national security objectives.
Geospatial intelligence is the exploitation and analysis of imagery and
geospatial information to describe, assess, and visually depict physical
features and geographically referenced activities on the Earth.
• Counterintelligence Field Agency (CIFA). The mission of CIFA is
to develop and manage DOD CI programs and functions that support
the protection of the Department. These programs and functions
include CI support to protect DOD personnel, resources, critical
information, research and development programs, technology, critical
infrastructure, economic security, and US interests against foreign
influence and manipulation, as well as to detect and neutralize
espionage against the Department.
3-25. Most potential coalition partners have some type of HUMINT
capability. Less developed nations may use HUMINT as their primary
collection system and may be quite skilled in HUMINT operations. These
assets will be present on the battlefield, and US assets are likely to work
with them. HCTs should perform regular liaison with coalition HUMINT
personnel. It is likely that some coalition partners will be more
knowledgeable of the culture in the AO and be able to share insights with US
HCTs.
3-12
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
Chapter 4
HUMINT Operations Planning and Management
4-1. HUMINT operations planning and management are supported by a
robust structure that includes staff elements such as the C2X when working
with non-US forces at the Joint intelligence staff level, G2X at the Division,
Corps intelligence staff, the HUMINT operations section in the MI Battalion,
and HAT in the Division and Corps ACE. It also includes C2 elements at the
MI battalion, company, platoon, and team levels. The OMT provides the first
level of staff and C2 functions when two or more HCTs deploy in support of
an operation. (See Table 4-1.)
Table 4-1. HUMINT Operations.
TECHNICAL
ISR
MISSION
ECHELON
SUPPORT A
AND
PLANNING
EXECUTION
DECONFLICTION
COMBINED
C2/ACE
C2X/OMT
MI CDR
MI CDR
JOINT
J2/ACE
J2X/OMT
(AMIB or MI Battalion)
CORPS/DIVISION
G2/ACE
G2X/OMT
MI CDR/OMT
BRIGADE
S2
MI CDR/OMT
MI CDR/OMT
HUMINT AND THE OPERATIONS PROCESS
4-2. Following the operations process defined in FM 3-0, Chapter 6, there are
four components within HUMINT operations: Plan, Prepare, Execute, and
Assess.
PLAN
4-3. HUMINT planning defines collection objectives, when to collect it, and
which resources will be tasked to do the collection. Commanders with
HUMINT collection assets in their units receive collection tasking based on
requirements developed during ISR planning. The commander and staff, in
concert with their supporting OMTs, assess the requirements and task the
team or teams best capable of answering the requirement based on contact
placement and access.
4-4. Another aspect to consider carefully during the Plan phase of the
operational cycle is technical control. Technical control is ensuring adherence
to existing policies and regulations, providing information and guidance of a
technical nature, and supervising the MOS-specific TTP required in
6 September 2006
4-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
conducting collection missions. Planning must take into account that
technical control does not interfere with or supersede any C2 that a
commander has over an asset or unit nor does it interfere with collection of
the commander's requirements. For HUMINT collectors, the technical control
network includes the C/J/G/S2X, the HOC, and OMTs. Technical control
includes the management of source and other sensitive data and databases,
the management of intelligence contingency and incentive funds, the liaison
with other HUMINT organizations, and the deconfliction of operations.
Technical control provides HCTs with specific requirements and data that
they need to conduct operations and, in certain circumstances, specific
instructions on how to execute missions.
PREPARE
4-5. During this phase, commanders and staff, including HUMINT
management sections, review HUMINT mission plans. This review is to
ensure all areas of the mission are considered and addressed in the plan and
included in rehearsals. Items to cover include but are not limited to⎯
• Route (primary and alternate).
• Communications.
• Security plan.
• Convoy procedures including actions on contact and rally points.
• Initial requirements to be covered.
• Mission duration.
4-6. The HUMINT collector then researches the topic area addressing the
requirement and prepares a questioning plan. The HCTs and OMTs must
coordinate all mission requirements. It is important that HUMINT elements
are included in all rehearsals conducted by their supported unit. These
rehearsals will enable HCTs to carry out essential coordination with other
units and ensure that they are included in and familiar with procedures such
as resupply, communications, casualty evacuation, fire support, and
fratricide avoidance. Rehearsals and briefbacks will allow the supported
command to see and correct problems with their support to the HUMINT
elements prior to deployment.
EXECUTE
4-7. Mission execution consists of the collection of information in accordance
with the integrated ISR plan. The requirements manager validates the
requirements based on command guidance. The G3 tasks the requirements to
the units and the individual asset managers (that is, OMT) to identify the
assets best capable to answer the requirement. When requirements are
levied against a specific HCT, the HCT leader decides which of his team’s
contacts can best answer the requirements. He then turns the requirement
into specific team tasks.
ASSESS
4-8. Assessment is the continuous monitoring––throughout planning,
preparation, and execution—of the current situation and progress of an
4-2
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
operation, and the evaluation of it against criteria of success to make
decisions and adjustments. Assessment plays an integral role in all aspects of
the intelligence process (see FM 2-0).
HUMINT COMMAND AND CONTROL
4-9. Commanders of organizations that conduct HUMINT operations are
responsible for task organization, mission tasking, execution, mission
accomplishment, and designation of subordinate AOs (within the guidelines
of the OPORD or OPLAN). MI unit commanders who exercise direct control
of HUMINT operations, including interrogation operations, at all levels are
responsible for and stand accountable to ensure HUMINT collection activities
comply with this manual and applicable law and policy. Applicable law and
policy include US law; the law of war; relevant international law; relevant
directives including DOD Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence
Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD
Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee Program”; DOD
instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs. The MI unit
commanders must ensure mission accomplishment by properly allocating
resources and logistics in support of all HUMINT collection assets assigned
to their units. Commanders must ensure that their HUMINT collection
personnel are trained and ready for the mission. There is a need for a
partnership between the J/G2X, who exercises technical direction and
oversight responsibility and the MI commander, who exercises direct
command authority and responsibility. The MI unit commander analyzes the
higher headquarters mission, concept of operations, and the specified and
implied tasks given to his unit. He restates the unit mission, designs the
concept of operations, task organizes his assets, and provides support to
subordinate units. Specifically, the MI unit commander⎯
• Issues mission orders with sufficient details and time for subordinate
commanders and leaders to plan and lead their units.
• Must know the threat, his organization, ISR systems, counter-ISR
systems, operations, and terrain over which his units will operate and
how that terrain enhances or limits HUMINT collection operations.
• Must be aware of the operational and technical limitations of his unit
and ensures that all assets are task organized, properly positioned, and
fully synchronized to accomplish the mission.
• Oversees the collective and individual training within his unit.
• Coordinates continuously with the higher headquarters staff, the
supported maneuver unit staff, and other commanders to ensure
integrated R&S operations and support.
• Establishes clear, consistent standards and guidance for current and
future operations in order to adhere to policy and the higher
headquarters commander’s intent without his constant personal
supervision.
• Continually assesses his unit’s ability to sustain its internal operations
and its ability to support assigned missions and keeps the higher
headquarters staff informed of unit, equipment, and personnel status
that affect collection operations.
6 September 2006
4-3
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• Advises his higher headquarters commander and staff on the
capabilities, limitations, and most effective employment of his assets.
• Remains flexible during operations to adjust or execute missions upon
receipt of new orders and when the situation changes.
• Ensures personnel are working within legal, regulatory, and policy
guidelines.
TECHNICAL CONTROL
4-10. Technical control refers to supervision of the TTP of HUMINT
collection. Technical control ensures adherence to existing policies or
regulations and provides technical guidance for HUMINT operations. The
elements that provide technical control also assist teams in translating
collection requirements into executable tasks. Commanders rely on the
expertise of intelligence personnel organic to their unit and within higher
echelons to plan, execute, and assess the HUMINT collection effort. The
OMTs, HATs, and the HOC of the C/J/G/S2X provide technical control.
They––
• Define and manage operational coverage and direction.
• Identify critical collection criteria such as indicators associated with
targeting.
• Prioritize collection missions in accordance with collection
requirements.
• Advise teams on collection techniques and procedures in accordance
with policy, regulations, and law.
• Register and deconflict sources.
• Conduct operational reviews.
• Advise commanders.
• Conduct operational coordination with staff elements and other
intelligence agencies.
• Manage ICF and incentive usage.
COMMAND AND SUPPORT RELATIONSHIPS
4-11. The activities of HUMINT assets are governed by their command or
support relationship. There are subtle differences in the Joint versus the
Army description of some of the command and support relationships.
Tables 4-2 through 4-4 show these relationships.
4-12. During interrogation operations, close coordination must occur between
intelligence personnel and personnel responsible for detainee operations
including MP security forces, Master at Arms, and other individuals
providing security for detainees. The facility commander is responsible for
all actions involving the humane treatment, custody, evacuation, and
administration of detainees, and force protection. Whereas, the intelligence
commander is responsible for the conduct of interrogation operations.
4-4
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
COMMAND AND SUPPORT RELATIONSHIPS FOR HUMINT OPERATIONS
4-13. Clear command and support relationships are fundamental in
organizing for all operations. These relationships identify responsibilities
and authorities among subordinate and supporting units. The commander
designates command and support relationships within his authority to
weight the decisive operation and support his scheme of maneuver. Some
forces available to a commander are given command or support relationships
that limit his authority to prescribe additional relationships. Command and
support relationships carry with them varying responsibilities to the
subordinate unit by parent and gaining units. By knowing the inherent
responsibilities, a commander may organize his forces to establish clear
relationships.
4-14. Command relationships establish the degree of control and
responsibility commanders have for forces operating under their tactical
control (TACON). When commanders establish command relationships, they
determine if the command relationship includes administrative control
(ADCON). Table 4-2 shows Army command and support relationships and
Table 4-3 shows joint command relationships chart from FM 3-0 (derived
from JP 0-2 and JP 3-0).
4-15. Support relationships define the purpose, scope, and effect desired
when one capability supports another. Support relationships establish
specific responsibilities between supporting and supported units. Table 4-2
shows Army command and support relationships and Table 4-4 shows joint
support relationships from FM 3-0 (derived from JP 0-2 and JP 3-0).
HUMINT REQUIREMENTS MANAGEMENT
4-16. The G2/S2 is responsible for RM. He uses the requirements
management (RM) process to orchestrate the actions of the unit’s organic and
supporting ISR capabilities into a unified effort to gain situational
understanding and answer the commander’s PIRs. Through centralized
planning and decentralized execution, RM optimizes the integration of ISR
operations into the commander’s scheme of maneuver and fire and into the
unit’s long- and short-range planning. Control mechanisms within the RM
structure facilitate the identification of information shortfalls and the
redirection of ISR assets to new intelligence production, reconnaissance, or
surveillance missions.
6 September 2006
4-5
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Table 4-2. Army Command and Support Relationships.
INHERENT RESPONSIBILITIES ARE:
IF
Gaining Unit
Establishes/
RELATIONSHIP
Has
May Be
Can Impose
Receives
Assigned
Provides
Maintains
Has Priorities
IS:
Command
Task
Further Com-
CSS
Position or
Liaison
Communica-
Established
Relation-
Organized
mand or Sup-
from:
AO By:
To:
tions
by:
ship with:
by:
port
with:
Relationship of:
As re-
Attached;
Gaining
Gaining
Gaining
Gaining
quired by
Unit to which
OPCON;
Attached
Gaining unit
unit
unit
unit
unit
gaining
attached
TACON; GS;
unit
GSR; R; DS
Parent unit
and gaining
unit; gain-
As re-
As required by
OPCON;
Gaining
ing unit
Parent
Gaining
quired by
gaining unit
OPCON
Gaining unit
TACON; GS;
unit
may pass
unit
unit
gaining
and parent
GSR; R; DS
OPCON to
unit
unit
lower HQ.
Note 1
COMMAND
As re-
As required by
Gaining
Parent
Gaining
quired by
gaining unit
TACON
Parent unit
Gaining unit
GS; GSR; R; DS
unit
unit
unit
gaining
and parent
unit
unit
As re-
Parent
Gaining
quired by
As required by
Not
Assigned
Parent unit
Parent unit
Parent unit
unit
unit
parent
parent unit
Applicable
unit
Direct
Sup-
Parent
Supported
Parent unit;
Support
Parent unit
Parent unit
ported
Supported unit
Note 2
Supported unit
(DS)
unit
unit
unit
Reinforc-
Rein-
Reinforced
Parent
Reinforced
Parent unit;
Not
ing
Parent unit
Parent unit
forced
unit: then
reinforced unit
Applicable
(R )
unit
unit
unit
parent unit
Rein-
forced
General
Reinforced
unit and
Parent unit;
SUPPORT
Support
Parent
unit and as
Not
then
Reinforc-
Parent unit
Parent unit
Parent unit
as re-
unit
required by
Applicable
ing (GSR)
quired by
reinforced unit
parent unit
parent
unit
As re-
General
Parent
quired by
As required by
Not
Support
Parent unit
Parent unit
Parent unit
Parent unit
parent unit
Applicable
(GS)
unit
parent
unit
NOTE 1. In NATO, the gaining unit may not task organize a multinational unit (see TACON).
NOTE 2. Commanders of units in DS may further assign support relationships between their subordinate units and elements
of the supported unit after coordination with the supported commander.
4-6
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
Table 4-3. Joint Command Relationships and Inherent Responsibilities.
(from FM 3-0, derived from JP 0-2 and JP 3-0)
Inherent
If relationship is:
Responsibilities
Are:
COCOM
OPCON
TACON
Has command
Gaining combatant
Gaining Command
Gaining Command
Relationship with:
commander; gaining
service component
commander
May be task organized
Gaining combatant
Gaining Command
Parent Unit
by:
commander; gaining
service component
commander
Receives logistic
Gaining service
Service component
Parent Unit
support from:
component
command; parent unit
commander
Assigned position or
Gaining component
Gaining Command
Gaining Command
AO by:
commander
Provides liaison to:
As required by gaining
As required by gaining
As required by gaining
component
command
command
commander
Establishes and
As required by gaining
As required by gaining
As required by gaining
maintains
component
command
command and parent
communications with:
commander
units
Has priorities
Gaining component
Gaining Command
Gaining Command
established by:
commander
Gaining unit can
OPCON; TACON;
OPCON; TACON;
Direct support; mutual
impose further
direct support; mutual
direct support; mutual
support; general
command
support ; general
support; general
support; close support
relationship/authority
support; close support
support; close support
of:
6 September 2006
4-7
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Table 4-4. Joint Support Categories.
(from FM 3-0, derived from JP 0-2 and JP 3-0)
CATEGORY
DEFINITION
The
he action gi
given to tthe supported forcee as a whol
a whole rather
General S
Support
than to a p
a particular subdivision thereof.
The
he action tthat uunits render
render eac
each ot
other against an
an
an enemy
Mutual S
Support
because of ttheir assigned tasks, their position relative tto
each other and t
and to tthe enemy, an
and theirr inherent ccapabilities.
A mission
on requiring a forcee to ssupport another
her specific force
Direct S
Support
and authorizing it tto ans
answer directly tthe supported
ed force’s
request for
for assistance.
The
he action oof tthe
he supporting fforce agai
against ttargets or objectives
that are s
are sufficiently near t
near the supported
ed force as tto requ
require
Close S
Support
detailed integration or coordination of the
he supporting action
with fifire, m
movement, or other actions oof tthe
he supported
ed force.
DEVELOP HUMINT REQUIREMENTS
4-17. The first step in the RM process is to develop intelligence requirements
that accurately identify and prioritize the commander’s concerns about the
threat and the battlefield environment that must be resolved to accomplish
the mission. The G2/S2X, or his representative, normally supports the G2/S2
by identifying HUMINT collection requirements and opportunities and
advises the command and staff on HUMINT capabilities. The HUMINT
representative must be able to discuss any delays or risks involved in using
HUMINT assets. Through participation in the requirements development
process, the HUMINT representative has a thorough understanding of the
commander’s intent and concept of operations and is better able to support
the overall ISR effort.
4-18. The analysis of HUMINT requirements is normally a coordinated effort
between the HUMINT and CI staff officer (C/J/G/S2X) and the HAT of the
supporting analysis element. The C/J/G/S2X team––
• Records all HUMINT requirements whether generated internally
(Specific Orders) or received from other echelons or units (Requests).
• Tracks each requirement from receipt to final satisfaction.
• Reviews each requirement for its––
Feasibility. Feasibility is a determination if a requirement can be
answered given available time and resources.
Completeness. Does the requirement contain all the specifics
needed for collection, such as: What the collection requirement is?
When the latest time information is of value (LTIOV)? Why it needs
to be collected? Who needs the results of the collection?
Necessity. The C/J/G/S2X team, with the assistance of the HAT,
checks available intelligence databases to determine if the required
4-8
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
information has already been collected or is included in an
intelligence product.
4-19. The RM team, with the assistance of the C/J/G/S2X team and the HAT,
breaks the HUMINT-related PIR into SIRs. Each SIR describes the indicator
of threat activity linked to an area or specific location and time. The HOC
evaluates––
• Reportable criteria that are linked to the threat activity. The HOC
associates these characteristics with a SIR, and compares the
characteristics to a particular HUMINT asset’s capability to collect.
• Range, which is the distance from the current location of the HUMINT
asset or resource to the source. In other words, are there sources
available that had or have access to relevant information on the area
or activity in question, and can the HUMINT team contact them in a
timely manner?
• Timeliness, which is when the information must reach the commander
to be of value; that is, the LTIOV.
4-20. The RM team, supported by the C/J/G/S2X and the HAT, attempts to
answer the SIRs with intelligence products developed from information
available within the existing intelligence databases or pulled from other
organizations within the intelligence architecture. If the requirement can be
answered in this manner, the intelligence is immediately disseminated.
When the required information is neither available nor extractable from
archived information or from lower, lateral, or higher echelons, the
C/J/G/S2X team develops it into an RFI to higher or an ISR tasking for
organic or attached HUMINT assets. The compilation of unanswered
requirements and how to answer them form the basis of the ISR plan. The
tasking may be in the form of an SDR. An SDR is a specific request or
tasking for a collector to question a source on a particular collection
requirement. This request involves analysis that results in the conclusion
that a specific source possibly has the placement and access to answer a SIR.
SDRs are specific; whereas, HUMINT collection requirements (HCRs) are
general.
DEVELOP THE HUMINT PORTION OF THE INTEGRATED ISR PLAN
4-21. The HOC within the C/J/G/S2X section assists the G3/G2 in developing
the HUMINT portion of the ISR plan in coordination with the HAT and the
RM team. The HOC ensures that the HUMINT capabilities and taskings are
included in the plan although the plan often will not contain the specifics of
HUMINT operations due to the sensitivity of the sources and techniques. The
HOC will coordinate with the Office of the SJA to ensure the HUMINT
portion of the integrated ISR plan complies with applicable law and policy
prior to its implementation. Applicable law and policy include US law; the
law of war; relevant international law; relevant directives including DOD
Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings,
and Tactical Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of
Defense Detainee Program”; DOD instructions; and military execute orders
including FRAGOs. The HOC coordinates with C/J/G/S2X for mission
deconfliction at that echelon to specify the collection capability and current
6 September 2006
4-9
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
status of the various HUMINT organizations to better enable him to select
the "best" organization to collect on various SIRs. HUMINT collection
generally requires time to develop the environment and access sources.
4-22. The HUMINT collection environment during an SSC is different from
an MTW. During an MTW where the force is moving, a division normally
plans 48 hours out; a corps plans 72 hours out. In contrast, the planning
focus for units supporting an SSC may be 3 to 6 months out. The longer
HCTs are in an area, the better the collector is able to develop leads to
answer collection requirements. Requirements may be continuous or may be
concerned with specific upcoming events such as national elections. HUMINT
is a key asset to determine adversary intentions; however, it is highly
dependent on the ability to cultivate or locate sources with the desired
information. HUMINT in support of stability and reconstruction operations is
not a short-term undertaking. [Example: National level elections are taking
place in the AO in 3 months. As a part of integrated ISR planning, an
assessment must be conducted to determine the capability to answer post
election collection requirements based upon current contacts and HUMINT
leads. If there are no leads or contacts that could answer election-related
collection requirements, it is necessary to spot, assess, and contact sources to
meet requirements.]
4-23. A second part of the HUMINT portion of the integrated ISR plan is the
HUMINT collection focus, which⎯
• Designates which collection requirements comprise the emphasis for
collectors’ missions.
• Prioritizes collection requirements based upon the operational
environment in the AO and future missions in the AO.
• Includes future operational collection tasks which aid in causing a gap
or pause in collection as the unit transitions to the next operational
phase or the next operation.
4-24. In addition to specific requirements, a statement of intelligence
interest (SII) at the joint level or a collection emphasis message at division or
corps is issued to identify the overall collection goals for a time period. As the
collection request or requirement is passed down, each echelon performs
additional planning for its own specific requirements.
Evaluate HUMINT Resources
4-25. After identifying the SIRs, the HOC and the C/J/G/S2X determine the
availability and capability of HUMINT assets and resources that might
contribute to requirement satisfaction and which are most suited to collect
against each SIR. This does not necessarily imply that the C/J/G/S2X assigns
a tasking to a specific team; rather, it develops the requirements or requests
for an organization that then executes the mission. The HOC and C/J/G/S2X
should also consult the HAT for its analysis of additional potential HUMINT
assets and resources which might be available, both on and off the
battlefield, to contribute to requirement satisfaction. For example, the HAT
may be aware of a group of émigrés now living elsewhere who previously
lived near a target site, and who might be able to provide answers to
collection requirements if debriefed.
4-10
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
Determine Asset or Resource Capabilities
4-26. The HOC translates the capabilities and limitations of the available
HUMINT assets into a set of factors that they can compare to the SIR
characteristics. Asset capability factors are technical or performance
characteristics, location, and source access. Each HUMINT asset is evaluated
for its—
• Availability. The HOC reviews the list of viable HUMINT assets for
current availability and the addition or deletion of capabilities. This
includes considerations such as maintenance time and previous
taskings. Coordination with adjacent and higher headquarters and
national level agencies by the C/J/G/S2X will determine the
availability of higher echelon resources.
• Survivability. Survivability must be commensurate with the threats
to which the HUMINT assets will be exposed during the course of
operations. These assets must be as survivable as, or in certain
circumstances more survivable than, the forces they support. The HOC
and the commander must weigh the risk versus the gain in using
HUMINT assets.
• Reliability. Reliability is the ability of the asset to overcome threat
deception measures such as misinformation or false information. In
HUMINT there are two areas of reliability: source and collector. Source
reliability is the determination on the part of the collector if the source
is providing accurate information. Collector reliability is a
determination on the part of the HOC that the HUMINT collectors
within a particular organization have the level of training and
experience to collect against a given requirement.
• Suitability. Tasking must be based on an asset’s capability and on its
suitability within the context of the overall plan. For example,
HUMINT assets may be capable of collecting against a single target
but have unique capabilities against a second target. Intelligence
requirements may necessitate tasking these HUMINT assets against
the second target if other assets can maintain adequate coverage of the
first target.
• Connectivity. Connectivity is a critical aspect of any R&S operation.
Interoperability, reliability, and robustness of sensors,
communications, and supporting automated data processing (ADP) are
crucial to the responsiveness, survivability, and overall combat
effectiveness of a HUMINT asset. If the automation and
communications systems of a HUMINT asset are dissimilar to those of
other units in the AO, or if connectivity among assets, supporting
systems, and supported systems and elements is too fragile to
withstand the stress of operations, commanders will be deprived of
important information essential to conducting tactical operations. The
HUMINT asset must be able to transmit accurate and timely
information to those who must receive it when they need it. Report
formats should adhere to established standards in order to ensure that
information is easily retrieval at the user desktop through automated
queries (push/pull). Planners must look carefully at systems
compatibility and the degree of interoperability among the components
6 September 2006
4-11
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
of the communications architecture. The better the interoperability of
assets and the more robust and redundant the communications links,
the better the cross-cueing and analytical exchange.
Develop the Scheme of Support
4-27. The scheme of support is the orchestration of HUMINT assets,
resources, and requirements to facilitate the collection of information most
effectively. It includes all assets that the G3/S3 can task (organic, attached,
and DS) and the G2 can request (from higher or adjacent units). By
reviewing available HUMINT assets and higher echelon resources, the HOC
and the G/S2X determine whether unit assets or higher echelon resources are
best able to answer the requirements. If another echelon can answer an SIR,
then the J/G/S2, normally through the C/J/G/S2X, requests them to collect
the information and deliver the intelligence product. When planning the
HUMINT portion of the ISR plan, the HOC should consider the following:
• Cueing is using one asset to tip off another to a possible target. The
HOC should look for opportunities for HUMINT assets to cue other
collection assets and vice versa.
• Asset redundancy uses a combination of the same type of assets
against a high-priority collection target. This is vital in HUMINT
collection since, in dealing with human sources, the information
collected is often part of the overall picture or is influenced by the
perception and prejudice of the source. The collection on the same
target from a number of different assets gives a more accurate
intelligence picture and is a method to validate source reporting.
• Asset mix uses a combination of different types of assets against a
high-priority collection target. When the probability of success of one
asset to satisfy the requirement completely is lower than acceptable,
the use of multiple capabilities of different assets increases the
likelihood of success; for example, using SIGINT assets to intercept
voice communications while HUMINT assets observe activities.
Neither can collect all the available information, but the information
collected by both can be fused into a more complete picture. Like asset
redundancy, asset mix places greater demands on the limited assets
available, both collection and analysis, and has to be clearly justified
by the potential intelligence gain.
• Integration of new requirements into ongoing missions may make
it possible to reduce timelines, make collection more responsive to the
request, and decrease cost and risk. This is critical in HUMINT due to
the long time that it takes to develop sources. The use of an existing
source to answer new requirements often facilitates collection.
Develop and Prioritize Taskings and Requests for Information
4-28. After the G2/S2X and the G2/S2 approve the HUMINT portion of the
ISR plan, the HOC develops specific orders to task assets, develop additional
assets, and/or requests to seek higher and lateral support and production.
Specific taskings or RFIs are tailored to that specific ISR asset’s capabilities
and limitations. The G2/S2X supports the requirements manager and the
G2/S2 in developing and prioritizing HUMINT taskings. The HOC works
4-12
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
with the unit requirements manager to incorporate the HUMINT plan into
the overall unit ISR plan and works with the G3/S3 as necessary to help
develop OPORDs or FRAGOs to organic or attached ISR units. HUMINT
taskings will often include technical data that cannot be passed through
normal tasking channels. The HOC will pass that information directly to the
applicable HUMINT OMT or unit operations section.
4-29. The HOC and G2/S2X cannot provide operational taskings to a unit for
collection. Collection is a stated mission that the commander executes.
However, the technical control the HOC can provide as the HUMINT
manager affords the J2/G2X the ability to steer and direct collection assets
and operations. The MI commander and OMT determine specifically which
teams will collect on a given requirement and are responsible for the TTP
used. They report on the status and availability of their collection assets. On
the HCT level, the team chief determines which sources will be contacted and
the details of how the information will be collected from a given source. A
specific plan is developed for each source. This plan should—
• Identify the requirement.
• Identify the proposed source.
• Identify questions to be asked during the source meeting.
• Contain an outline of how the meeting should proceed.
• Identify which collector will conduct the source meeting.
4-30. At the HCT level, the senior team member reviews each plan to ensure
the proper planning for the collection mission. The plan is a minimum goal
for the collection. The collector must be fully aware of the overall collection
priorities and be prepared to take advantage of any additional leads.
DIRECT PRODUCTION
4-31. The G2 coordinates intelligence production to provide non-duplicative
all-source intelligence products to the commander, staff, and subordinate
forces. Some type of production occurs in the intelligence staff or separate
analysis element at every echelon from national to battalion level. The HCT
of the ACE at echelon’s division and higher will support the intelligence
production process through the analysis of HUMINT information and the
development of single-discipline HUMINT products.
DISSEMINATE INFORMATION
4-32. The 2X element at each level is normally the release authority for
HUMINT reporting and products, ensuring that reporting, products, and
data are disseminated to the lowest appropriate level. The G/S2X should
preplan criteria for the immediate release of combat information on high-
value targets, impending attacks, or other time-sensitive requirements. This
preplanning will ensure that commanders and other users quickly receive the
information in a format that supports situational understanding, strategic
responsiveness, and ISR and provides support to effects. Special effort is also
made to ensure that information obtained from detainees is passed back
down to the unit that detained them. This measure will support the efforts of
the commander as well as building trust in the intelligence process.
6 September 2006
4-13
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
EVALUATE REPORTING
4-33. The HAT and the HOC provide the requirements manager and the
G2/S2 with expertise to support report evaluation. An important part of the
evaluation process is providing feedback to the collectors. Feedback is
important in HUMINT operations since the same source may be contacted
again for additional information. The collector needs feedback on the
accuracy, reliability, and appropriateness of the information reported. The
G/S2X team tracks reporting to determine how well the HUMINT collection
and production efforts are satisfying the PIRs. The G/S2X team supports the
RM team’s requirements to⎯
• Monitor and Maintain Synchronization. Through coordination
with the G2/S2, the G/S2X, and the HAT, the HOC knows when and
what critical pieces of information are missing from the commander's
estimate of the situation. The HOC uses the HUMINT portion of the
ISR plan to ensure synchronization with the overall operation and
scheme of maneuver. The other critical tool for the HOC is the decision
support template (DST). The HOC must have a complete copy of this
document, ensuring the HUMINT assets do not miss a collection
requirement.
• Correlate Reports to Requirements. The HOC tracks which
specific order or group of specific orders originates from which PIR to
ensure that the collected information was provided to the original
requester. This also allows the HOC to rapidly determine which asset
is available for retasking.
• Screen Reports. Each report received is screened for accuracy,
timeliness, and applicability to the original tasking or request. If the
HOC determines that it completely fulfills the tasking or request, the
HOC informs the G/S2X and G2/S2 so that the tasking or request can
be closed and the information provided to the original requesting unit.
• Provide Feedback to Collectors and Analysts. The HOC provides
feedback to all the HUMINT R&S assets. This is normally provided
through the C2 element of that unit. By doing so, the HOC quickly
reinforces if the reporting is answering the original order or request, or
the HOC can provide guidance if it is not. This feedback is essential.
The RM team may provide additional information on its collection or
analysis if the HOC tells the team exactly what is needed or has been
missed in the original report.
UPDATE ISR PLAN
4-34. This step aids the G2/G3 in updating the ISR plan by eliminating
satisfied collection requirements, redirecting assets to cover non-satisfied
requirements, cross-cueing requirements, and adding new collection
requirements to the ISR. This process is accomplished by adjusting the
HUMINT portion of the overall integrated ISR plan. It maintains intelligence
synchronization and optimizes the exploitation of information in response to
situation changes in the AO. The updated HUMINT plan is distributed to the
G/S2X requirements manager to ensure its incorporation into the overall unit
ISR plan. Continuously updating the HUMINT portion of the ISR plan is
vital due to the time involved in redirecting HUMINT assets.
4-14
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
HUMINT MISSION PLANNING
4-35. HUMINT mission planning begins when a unit receives a tasking to
conduct HUMINT collection in support of a specific mission, operation, or
collection plan. The mission analysis portion of the MDMP is explained in
FM 5-0. Special factors must be considered when applying the MDMP to
HUMINT operations as discussed below.
RECEIVE AND ANALYZE THE HIGHER HEADQUARTERS ORDER
4-36. Attention must be paid to the support relationship (GS or DS) that
exists between HUMINT assets and the unit. The operational environment,
including applicable law and policy under which the units are operating must
be understood, as this affects the ability of the units to perform certain
missions. Applicable law and policy include US law; the law of war; relevant
international law; relevant directives including DOD Directive 3115.09,
“DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical
Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee
Program”; DOD instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs.
Because of frequently overlapping AOIRs in HUMINT operations, other unit
missions and potential areas of conflict must be identified. Missions of other
non-HUMINT units must be understood for coordination and possible
integration of HUMINT assets. The availability of assets from higher
echelons, requirements to provide support to lower echelons, and the
existence of technical control from higher echelons must be identified.
Tasking, reporting, and communications channels must be clearly
understood.
ISSUE A WARNING ORDER
4-37. After the commander has analyzed his orders and worked out the
mission and related tasks, he must quickly pass on this information to his
team. This is accomplished through the WARNO. As a minimum, the
WARNO must include to whom the order applies, time and nature of the
operation, the earliest time of movement, and the time and place where the
OPORD will be issued. Unit members should prepare for movement while the
leader is performing the remaining preparatory tasks.
MAKE A TENTATIVE PLAN
4-38. When determining how the mission will be carried out, the commander
works with the factors of METT-TC. When planning for HUMINT collection
missions, focus must be placed on the human beings (threat, friendly, and
neutral) as well as the key terrain on the battlefield, including information
on—
• The demographics of both the AO and AOI.
• The organization and structure of all opposition in the AO and AOI.
• The history of the AO and AOI pertinent to the current situation.
• The economic and social data of all groups in the AO and AOI.
6 September 2006
4-15
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• All key leaders (political, military, social, religious, tribal), opinion
leaders, and other influences on public opinion.
• The media and its influence on the population of both the AO and AOI.
• The primary and secondary languages and dialects spoken in all parts
of the AO.
4-39. A target folder, if one is used, provides valuable up-to-date intelligence
information about the AO for mission analysis and planning. Once
intelligence products identify the contentious areas, trends, capabilities, and
latest issues concerning the AO, the commander may request a target folder
prepared on specific items, such as a hostile organization with the inclination
and potential to cause harm to friendly forces. Target folders may include—
• Imagery of the AO and personalities.
• Terrain models of the AO.
• Latest information reports from the AO.
• Biographical data on key leaders in the AO.
Review Available Assets
4-40. The commander and staff, including the OMTs or HUMINT operations
section, must look at organic assets and consider factors such as language
capability, experience in various aspects of collection, analysis, and
management. If organic assets are inadequate, the commander and staff
should consider additional available assets within the organization and
resources from higher echelons. The commander and staff must consider the
analysis and management structure of a HUMINT operations section in
addition to the OMT and HCTs. During this step the mission analysis and
planning group should determine, among other things—
• The number of HUMINT collectors available.
• The number of collectors who are qualified linguists.
• The number of linguists available to support the collectors.
• Force protection considerations.
• The optimal number of HCTs, OMTs, and HUMINT operations
sections that can be configured from the available assets.
• Whether additional assets such as CI agents, TECHINT personnel,
analysts, additional linguists, or other experts need to be added to
some or all the HCTs to meet mission requirements.
Determine Constraints
4-41. This is a critical step in HUMINT mission analysis. HUMINT collection
operations are affected by applicable law and policy. Applicable law and
policy include US law; the law of war; relevant international law; relevant
directives including DOD Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence
Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD
Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee Program”; DOD
instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs. The degree of
restriction may depend on the type of operation being conducted. Constraints
are normally found in the scheme of maneuver, the concept of operations, and
coordinating instructions. Specific to intelligence interrogation operations, in
4-16
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
accordance with DOD Directive 3115.09, “all captured or detained personnel
shall be treated humanely, and all intelligence interrogations or debriefings
to gain intelligence from captured or detained personnel shall be conducted
humanely, in accordance with applicable law and policy. Acts of physical or
mental torture are prohibited.”
Identify Critical Facts and Assumptions
4-42. The human factor is preeminent in this step. Assumptions and facts
include—
• How HUMINT collectors can interact with the local population.
• What types of sources are available.
• What types of adversary intelligence and unconventional threats are
present.
Conduct Risk Assessment
4-43. There are inherent risks involved in HUMINT collection. HUMINT
collectors need access to the local population to perform their mission. Rules
that restrict all forces to base areas to protect the force may be prudent;
however, these restrictions can severely degrade HUMINT collection
capabilities, particularly in support of force protection requirements. This
measure deprives the collectors of sources needed to anticipate and prevent
violent incidents. HUMINT collectors receive cultural training as well as
security training to allow them to minimize the dangers of interacting with
the local population. Commanders must weigh the risk to collectors against
the risk to the force as a whole, and determine whether to provide additional
security to the HCT in order to allow the team to perform missions outside
the base area to gain needed intelligence. DA Pam 385-1 provides guidance
for risk assessment.
Select Courses of Action (COAs)
4-44. During COA development the staff, under the commander’s guidance,
analyzes various options for deploying and implementing HUMINT assets.
Input from HUMINT senior NCOs and WOs is vital to COA development and
analysis. Items to consider during COA development include—
• The distribution of the HCTs and OMTs within the AO.
• The support relationship (GS and DS) that exists for the deployed
teams.
• The command relationship in effect for the HCTs and OMTs (assigned,
attached, or OPCON).
• The manner in which the HUMINT assets are phased into the theater.
• The tactical configuration (personnel and equipment) of the HCT.
• The actual number of the HCTs and OMTs and the size of the
supporting HUMINT operations section (if any) deployed.
• The priority of the OMT’s efforts.
• The priority of linguist support.
6 September 2006
4-17
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
COLLECTION PRIORITY
4-45. During the MDMP, the MI commander advises his higher headquarters
on the most efficient use of the HUMINT collectors to meet collection
requirements. Depending on the particular higher echelon mission and the
capabilities of the specific personnel under his command, the supported S2
must decide whether to concentrate collection efforts on source, debriefing,
interrogation, tactical questioning, liaison, or DOCEX operations to answer
collection requirements. (See Chapter 5 for a description of these operations.)
The MI commander may be required by his operational tasking to support
any or all of these operations. He must decide how to task organize his assets
to meet these requirements. When faced with limited assets, prioritization of
collection is paramount.
4-46. A commander normally must prioritize HUMINT collections and
DOCEX. Although the decision is primarily dependent on which type of
source (human or document) is most likely to give the priority information,
other factors such as phase of operation, ROE, source availability, and
collection resource capabilities may influence his decision. At the tactical
level, both human sources and documents are screened and the senior
HUMINT soldier establishes the priorities. If documents and human sources
are determined to be equally likely of containing priority information, human
sources are normally exploited first due to—
• The ability of the HUMINT collector to get a human source to
elaborate and explain his information, which cannot be done with a
document.
• The rate at which people forget detailed information.
• The fact that an individual's resistance is easier to bypass immediately
after undergoing a significant traumatic experience (capture). Capture
thrusts them into an unfamiliar environment over which they have no
control and are vulnerable to various approach techniques. This initial
vulnerability passes quickly. An individual's established values begin
to assert themselves again within a day or two, and the individual's
willingness to cooperate might also decrease.
TASK ORGANIZATION
4-47. Because of the need to place HUMINT collectors in contact with the
local population and the need in many cases to integrate the HUMINT
collection process into other operations, the planning and analysis staff for
HUMINT missions is somewhat expanded from the norm. They should
include the C/J/G/S2X, SJA, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, other staff officers, as
necessary, Provost Marshal, MP, and US Army Criminal Investigation
Command, CA, unit HUMINT commanders, and senior HUMINT technicians
of the deploying unit. If the unit’s mission is to replace a currently deployed
HUMINT unit, a representative of that unit should be included.
4-48. The challenge to the MI commander is the proper training during
operations, task organization, placement, and coordination of movement of
HUMINT elements to meet collection requirements. The unit modified table
of organization and equipment (MTOE) organization, which is designed for
an MTW, may have to be modified to meet the specific requirements of
4-18
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
operations in PMEs and SSCs. Augmentation is often needed and must be
requested. Task organization must be flexible to adjust to the dynamic
mission objectives. Commanders must allow for the augmentation of HCT
with other MI specialties and non-MI personnel as mission analysis and
planning indicate the need. Mission analysis and planning identify the
specific requirements for the HUMINT operations section, HAT, OMTs, and
HCTs.
4-49. The composition of the HUMINT elements must be based on METT-TC
factors. The number of HCTs and OMTs in the theater depends on the
intensity of the collection effort and the geographical coverage of the AO.
HCT members should be prepared to support any HUMINT missions they
may receive through command channels. They must have the skills to shift
easily from one set of functions to another based on the dynamic mission
requirements. The number of OMTs in a designated theater will depend on
the type and nature of the mission. A single OMT is capable of managing and
controlling 2 to 4 HCTs. The size and staffing of the OMT will depend on a
number of factors:
• Whether a HUMINT operations section is deployed and how many
HCTs are subordinate to it.
• If a single HCT deploys to support a small contingency, there may be
no need for an OMT. In this case the team leader must serve as the
OMT.
• If three or more OMTs deploy, then a tactical HUMINT operations
section should be deployed.
• For every 3 to 4 HCTs and their designated OMT, there should be one
headquarters element composed of a platoon leader and a platoon
sergeant to handle all administrative and logistical matters.
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
RESERVE COMPONENT INTEGRATION
4-50. Given the Army’s OPTEMPO and force structure, the integration of
RC forces into the AC is highly likely for future operational deployments.
Commanders must identify their requirements early and establish proactive
coordination (both in garrison and while deployed) with their RC
counterparts to fully integrate them during all phases of training and
operations. During operations that include significant RC participation, an
RC liaison officer normally will be assigned, either temporarily or
permanently (at higher echelons), at the appropriate level of command. The
commander and staff must ensure that the RC LNO is involved in all aspects
of operational planning and execution.
4-51. There are three general categories of RC augmentation:
• Category 1: Formation of specialized units that include a fully
integrated AC and RC TOE. The activation of the RC of these units is
required for their full operational capability.
• Category 2: Augmentation of active duty units by RC units to fill out
unit strength levels or to provide additional functionality. For example,
an AC division might require additional HUMINT teams to support it
6 September 2006
4-19
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
during a stability operation. If a division required one additional team,
it should request a team and not request four HUMINT collectors. If
the requirement is for three additional teams, it should request a
HUMINT platoon with its organic C2 and OMTs.
• Category 3: The requirement for individual augmentees. This usually
occurs when a unit has the C2 structure but needs either additional
personnel or additional capability within the command structure. For
example, a unit may have a HUMINT platoon but the platoon is at 50
percent strength. Individual augmentation is the easiest method of
integration since the individual is integrated in the same manner as
any replacement. The augmented unit normally is required to provide
all equipment other than initial issue-type equipment.
4-52. There are several items to consider in unit augmentation:
• Accurate Identification of Requirements: During the MDMP, units
need to identify those mission-essential capabilities not already
present in the unit. The G3/S3, working in conjunction with the G1/S1,
considers options that may include RC augmentation of organic units
although the final decision to employ RC units is usually determined at
Headquarters, Department of Army (HQDA). The requirement for
augmentation is forwarded through appropriate personnel channels to
US Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) and HQDA, which will
identify the appropriate units or personnel. If approved, they will work
with the appropriate agencies to establish the timeline in which the
units can respond on the Time-Phased Forces Deployment Data List
(TPFDDL). When developing requirements, the requesting unit must
be sure to articulate its needs accurately, specifying required skills,
numbers, and any additional skill identifiers (ASI). [Example: Request
augmentation by a HUMINT platoon consisting of at least a platoon
headquarters, three HCTs, one OMT, two linguists, and one
CI/HUMINT Automated Tool Set (CHATS) proficient operator. The
augmenting element will be operating in support of the commander’s
force protection program in the gaining unit’s AOR.]
• Activation Timeline: Units need time to mobilize and conduct any
additional collective and individual training that may be specific to the
unit’s mission or operational environment. The requesting unit needs
to be aware of the time required to activate the requested RC and that
there may be differences in levels of training or equipment. Timelines
should be established by FORSCOM to allow resolution of these
problems and should be reflected in the commander’s operational
planning sequence. Timelines will vary from unit to unit and mission
to mission.
• Training: USAR and ARNG units usually cannot train their units or
individuals to the same proficiency as the AC. Normally, this is due to
the limited amount of training time. Because of this limitation, a
certain degree of train-up prior to deployment may be necessary.
Commanders should identify available training opportunities and
request the participation of personnel identified for augmentation. For
an ongoing mission, you should also plan for an extended “right seat
4-20
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
ride” mission handover period once the individuals or unit arrives in
the theater of operations.
• Command and Control: If the RC augmentation requires activation of
an entire unit, it should include their C2 element. If the augmentation
is by individuals, then they will fall under the command and control of
the gaining units.
• Time on Active Status: USAR and ARNG soldiers are restricted as to
the amount of time they can remain on active status. This timeline
begins on the date of mobilization and ends on the day the soldier
leaves active duty status. Deployed units must take this into account
when conducting continuous operations and must identify the
requirement to replace RC forces early enough to allow for the required
training and handoff procedures.
• Experience: While RC personnel normally lack current military
experience, they often perform jobs in the civilian sector that either
mitigate this lack of experience or they are able to bring a new and
useful capability with them. Care should be taken that reservists who
have civilian jobs which are similar to their HUMINT MOS (such as
police officers or investigators) recognize the different constraints
under which they operate in the military environment. For example,
police officers who might normally task informants with minimal
oversight cannot do that in their position as a HUMINT collector.
Commanders should try to capitalize on these skills, but ensure proper
training and understanding of the policies and regulations that govern
HUMINT collection operations.
OPERATIONS PLANS, OPERATIONS ORDERS, AND ANNEXES
4-53. An OPLAN is any plan for the conduct of military operations. When a
commander issues a directive for the coordinated execution of a military
operation, it becomes an OPORD. Although plans are based on specific
conditions or assumptions, they are not static. Plans are changed, refined,
and updated as a result of continuous estimates and studies. It is critical to
include HUMINT plans in the Intelligence Annex to the OPLAN.
4-54. The OPORD gives the HUMINT element approval to execute its
mission. OPORDs define the mission, set the parameters of operations,
identify who is responsible for what, and how it is to be supported. Additions
that are necessary to amplify an OPLAN or OPORD are contained in
annexes, appendices, tabs, and enclosures. Tasking for units to conduct
HUMINT collection operations is listed in the main body of the OPORD
under Tasks to Subordinate Units. The HUMINT appendix to Annex B
provides the technical guidance for HUMINT collection including the
umbrella concept for HUMINT operations.
4-55. The HUMINT appendices provide details on planning, coordinating,
approving, and managing HUMINT operations as they relate to the unit’s
overall mission. These appendices serve as the basic document authorizing
most HUMINT operations and programs. They must be reviewed and
approved by the appropriate office or commander. The HUMINT appendix to
the ISR Annex is necessary to ensure that augmentation of HUMINT assets
6 September 2006
4-21
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
from other components and agencies are integrated throughout the TF as
required to facilitate their specialized collection requirements. Specific tabs
may include joint debriefing and interrogation facility operations, source
operations, DOCEX, or open-source information.
OPERATIONAL COORDINATION
4-56. HUMINT collection is not conducted in a vacuum. Coordination with
MI organizations and non-MI agencies, units, and staff organizations is often
critical to expedite and complete HUMINT collection operations. (See
Appendix C for predeployment planning.)
MI ORGANIZATIONS
4-57. Elements involved in HUMINT planning, execution, and analysis need
to maintain close coordination with their counterparts in the other
intelligence disciplines. Coordination includes but is not limited to the
disciplines shown below.
Imagery Intelligence:
• Support imagery analysis by using HUMINT sources to identify or
confirm the identification of items in imagery. This includes, for
example, using human sources to identify the functions of buildings
that have been tentatively identified through external imagery.
• Coordinate for current military or civilian imagery to use in the
questioning of sources.
• Cue requirements managers and others involved in imagery tasking on
locations or activities for imagery collection.
• Coordinate for IMINT information to verify information obtained
through HUMINT collection.
• Provide imagery for analysis (through still and video photography and
captured imagery).
• Coordinate for technical support as required when questioning
personnel on subjects related to imagery.
• Obtain imagery-related collection requirements that can be answered
by human sources.
Signals Intelligence:
• Support signals analysis by using HUMINT sources to identify or
confirm the information obtained through SIGINT collection.
• Coordinate for current SIGINT information to use in the questioning of
sources.
• Cue requirements managers and others involved in SIGINT tasking on
locations or activities (including communications types and
frequencies) for SIGINT collection.
• Coordinate for information to verify information obtained through
HUMINT collection.
• Provide SIGINT-related CEDs for SIGINT analysis.
4-22
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
• Coordinate for technical support as required when questioning
personnel on SIGINT-related topics.
• Obtain SIGINT-related collection requirements that can be answered
by human sources.
Measurement and Signature Intelligence:
• Support measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) analysis
by using HUMINT sources to identify or confirm the information
obtained through MASINT collection.
• Cue requirements managers and others involved in MASINT tasking
on locations or activities for the location of MASINT sensors.
• Coordinate for information to verify information obtained through
HUMINT collection.
• Provide MASINT-related CEDs for MASINT analysis.
• Coordinate for technical support as required when questioning
personnel on MASINT-related topics.
• Obtain MASINT-related collection requirements that can be answered
by human sources.
Technical Intelligence:
• Support TECHINT analysis by using HUMINT sources and documents
to provide information concerning threat equipment and to support
TECHINT materiel analysis. This includes, for example, the
interrogation or debriefing of equipment operators of the translation of
operators manuals for a piece of equipment being investigated.
• Coordinate for current information on equipment capabilities to use in
the questioning of sources.
• Cue requirements managers and others involved in TECHINT tasking
on locations or activities for TECHINT collection. This includes
forwarding the identification and location of equipment of TECHINT
interest obtained during HUMINT collection operations.
• Coordinate for TECHINT information to verify information obtained
through HUMINT collection.
• Provide information from CEDs in support of TECHINT.
• Coordinate for technical support as required when questioning
personnel on subjects related to areas of TECHINT interest.
• Obtain TECHINT-related collection requirements that can be
answered by human sources.
Counterintelligence:
• Support CI analysis by using HUMINT sources to provide information
concerning adversary intelligence collection capabilities and
operations.
• Identify human and document sources that have information of CI
interest.
6 September 2006
4-23
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• Cue requirements managers and others involved in CI tasking
individuals or activities of CI interest.
• Coordinate for CI information to verify information obtained through
HUMINT collection.
• Provide information from CEDs in support of CI.
• Coordinate for CI support as required when questioning personnel on
topics related to areas of CI interest.
• Obtain CI-related collection requirements that can be answered by
human sources.
• Integrate CI elements into HUMINT collection operations as
applicable.
Open-Source Intelligence:
• Support open-source intelligence (OSINT).
• Provide open source maps, charts, phone directories, business
directories, newspapers, video and audio media (including tapes and
compact discs) to the appropriate J/G/S2X and Intelligence Community
agencies and liaison officers.
OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
4-58. In addition to MI units, HUMINT collection organizations frequently
conduct coordination with other military organizations.
• Military Police Units: Close coordination between HUMINT
collectors and MPs is mutually beneficial. The MPs are responsible for
maneuver and mobility support, area security, internment and
resettlement, law and order, and police intelligence operations. Both
activities (HUMINT collection and MP operations) require close
contact with the local civilian, refugee, and detainee populations.
HUMINT collection at checkpoints and at EPW and other detainee
collection points must be coordinated with the MPs, who are normally
responsible for internment and resettlement operations. In return, the
HUMINT collectors, because of their screening and questioning of
these population groups, can help facilitate the MP’s population control
missions by providing information about the population’s activities and
intentions that may be of MP concern. At EPW/detainee collection
points, HUMINT collectors should arrange with the MP leadership to
be allowed to debrief MPs since MPs are in regular contact with the
detainees. This does not constitute tasking. Information collected in
this manner may provide valuable insight, which can aid the collector
in formulating approach strategies. MPs should be debriefed in such a
way so as not to interfere with their mission. Liaison with the MP
chain of command is vital to gain their support and assure them that
HUMINT collection will not interfere with MP operations. Joint patrols
containing MPs and HUMINT collectors can also be mutually
beneficial in many situations.
• Criminal Investigation Division (CID) and Provost Marshal
Office (PMO): The goals of HUMINT collection and those of the MPs
(particularly CID) are different. CID and PMO are concerned with
4-24
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
identification and apprehension of criminal elements. The goal of
HUMINT collection is the collection of information in response to PIRs
that in many situations are centered on force protection. In the
situation where the threat includes a criminal element, the HCTs
might collect OB type information on the criminal element to ascertain
their activities and threat to friendly forces. HUMINT collectors are
not trained to conduct criminal investigations and must not be used for
this purpose. Criminal investigators and HUMINT collectors must
carefully coordinate their activities as necessary. HUMINT collectors
are required to report to the proper agency information collected on
criminal activities that the HUMINT collectors uncover in the normal
course of their activities.
• Psychological Operations Units: As with the MP force, HUMINT
collectors and PSYOP units are often interested in the same target
audience but for different reasons. PSYOP units are interested in
modifying the target audience beliefs and actions to be more supportive
of US goals. Normally, HUMINT collection elements coordinate with
PSYOP elements to obtain information concerning the motivational
factors and cultural value systems of the individuals to be questioned.
PSYOP units, as a part of their normal operations, develop detailed
analysis concerning psychological and cultural factors of friendly and
hostile elements in the AO. Such information will help HUMINT
collection personnel to understand the source's attitude, value system,
and perception; it will also help to obtain information more rapidly. At
the same time, PSYOP units often will develop collection requirements
to determine local attitudes and for information on the effectiveness of
PSYOP campaigns. HUMINT collectors can be tasked to collect on
these requirements if they are included as PIRs.
• Civil Affairs Units: The CA mission often places CA units in contact
with the HUMINT collection target audience. If possible, HUMINT
collection missions can be established in coordination with CA
missions. If the HUMINT collection mission is viewed as having the
potential of interfering with the CA mission and coordinated
operations are not possible, CA personnel can still be sensitized to
intelligence collection requirements and debriefed by HUMINT
collectors as part of a friendly force debriefing operation.
• Drug and Law Enforcement Agency Operations: Personnel who
are employees of DOD intelligence components may be assigned to
assist Federal law enforcement authorities and, when lives are
endangered, state and local law enforcement authorities; provided such
use is consistent with, and has been approved by an official authorized
pursuant to DOD Directive 5525.5, Enclosure 4 (reference (i)). Such
official shall ensure that the General Counsel of the providing DOD
component concurs in such use. Assistance may be rendered to LEAs
and security services of foreign governments or international
organizations in accordance with established policy and applicable
SOFAs, provided that DOD intelligence components may not request
or participate in activities of such agencies undertaken against US
persons that would not be permitted activities of such components
under the procedures of AR 381-10. HUMINT collectors may assist
6 September 2006
4-25
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
foreign law enforcement authorities, with prior approval of the J2X.
Under no circumstances will HUMINT collectors assist any US or
foreign law enforcement authorities in any manner without prior
approval by competent authority after a legal review of the proposal.
• Maneuver Units: HCTs may be utilized in GS for coverage of an
AOIR or in DS to support a specific maneuver unit. The type of
coordination needed with maneuver units will vary depending on the
type of support relationship the HCT has. HCTs operating in GS
should coordinate with maneuver unit commanders when the HCT will
be operating in that unit’s AO. At a minimum, the HCTs should
announce their presence and request information on any conditions or
ongoing situations that may affect on the conduct of their mission. An
HCT operating in DS of a specific unit will coordinate with the unit for
force augmentation to HUMINT patrols as needed in accordance with
force protection requirements. The HCT leader should also coordinate
with the supported unit’s S2 for involvement in debriefings of
returning patrol members, checkpoint personnel, convoy leaders and
others. HCT leaders may also coordinate to be included in the unit’s
reconnaissance patrols, as appropriate.
• Combat Service Support Units: Current and future combat
operations will be conducted in a noncontiguous battlespace. CSS
formations and units may be an excellent source for HUMINT
collectors. In many situations, DPs and refugees will perceive CSS
activities as non-threatening and an activity which can provide them
with aid and comfort. CSS operations will naturally draw DPs and
refugees hoping to receive support. This could provide opportunities for
HUMINT collectors to access this sector of the population. CSS unit
S2s should conduct patrol debriefings of returning convoy personnel to
capture observations made during convoys, with the goal of cross-
cueing the supporting HCT, CI team, or law enforcement element as
appropriate.
STAFF COORDINATION
4-59. Successful HUMINT collection operations require support from the
staff elements of the supported unit. These elements are collectively
responsible for the planning that results in HUMINT tasking. Below is a
partial list of the staff responsibilities that affect HUMINT collection:
• G1/S1 HUMINT-related responsibilities include but are not limited
to—
Supervising the medical support furnished to EPW/detainees.
Maintaining a list (by language and proficiency) of qualified
linguists within their command.
Coordinating with the G4 or G5 for procurement and payment of
other interpreters and translators needed to perform intelligence
and non-intelligence duties.
Ensuring the echelon's OPLAN contains complete provisions for
handling and evacuating detainees, refugees, DPs, and local civilians
4-26
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
as required. This plan must satisfy the interests of all other staff
officers and provide for—
− Ensuring humane treatment of all personnel.
− Promptly evacuating personnel from the combat zone.
− Integrating procedures for the evacuation, control, and
administration of personnel with other combat service (CS) and
CSS operations.
− Ensuring delivery of mail to EPWs and other detainees.
− Maintaining detainee (including EPW) statistics.
− Providing administration and control of detainee currency and
pay records, including coordinating with appropriate intelligence
authorities about investigating large sums of money.
• G2/S2 is responsible for developing intelligence in support of unit
operations. The G2/S2 at division and higher and in the interim BCT is
supported by a G/S2X and normally a HAT in the performance of his
HUMINT-related functions. His HUMINT-related responsibilities
include but are not limited to––
Obtaining intelligence through intelligence reach to support
HUMINT collection.
Incorporating HUMINT into the ISR plan.
Developing the HUMINT annex to the OPORD and OPLAN.
Coordinating to provide technical support for all HUMINT collection
operations.
Ensuring deconfliction and synchronization for all HUMINT
collection assets within the unit’s AO. A particular effort must be
made to coordinate with all DOD military source operations (MSO),
and DOD and other government agencies (OGAs) that may be
operating in the AO; with the theater J2X, as part of deconfliction.
Failure to deconflict with DOD MSO and OGAs may result in
compromise of assets and interruption of collection operations and
potentially unintended casualties.
− Obtaining documents and materials of intelligence interest,
including visual and audio media and electronic equipment
(such as computers, phones, PDAs) taken from detainees, or
seized or loaned, in coordination with the Provost Marshal and
other elements.
− Recording, evaluating, and analyzing collected information and
providing feedback to HUMINT collectors.
− Ensuring adequate HUMINT collection and reporting nets and
systems are available.
− Coordinating with the G3 to ensure plans for HUMINT collection
operations are included in unit OPLANs.
− Coordinating with the G3 to ensure that HUMINT collectors are
included in unit training plans, rehearsals, and briefbacks.
− Drafting instructions for handling, evacuating, and exploiting
captured enemy personnel and CEDs. (They coordinate with the
G3 to ensure draft instructions are included in the command
standing operating procedures (SOPs), OPLANs, and OPORDs.)
− Projecting capture rates as well as refugee and DP rates.
6 September 2006
4-27
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
− Determining the number of interpreters and translators needed
to perform intelligence duties.
− Coordinating with other agencies and HUMINT collectors for
intelligence sharing.
− Controlling the procedures used to process and grant clearances
to the interpreters and translators as required.
− Coordinating with the civil-military operations (CMO) officer for
intelligence screening of local nationals, refugees, and DPs.
− Coordinating with SJA for legal review of proposed operations.
• G3/S3 is responsible for operations, plans, organization, and training.
His HUMINT collection-related responsibilities include but are not
limited to––
Ensuring the inclusion of HUMINT collection units in the main body
of OPLANs and OPORDs under Tasks to Subordinate Units and
Task Organization.
Ensuring instructions for handling, evacuating, and exploiting
captured enemy personnel and CEDs in all unit command SOPs,
OPLANs, and OPORDs.
Incorporating HUMINT collection operations into future plans and
operations.
Ensuring subordinate units are trained in proper handling and
evacuation of captured enemy personnel, materiel, and CEDs.
Ensuring that the subordinate elements are trained in OPORDs
including ROE and the proper handling of local civilians, foreign
nationals, refugees, and DPs.
Obtaining, organizing, and supervising employment of additional
personnel as guards for EPWs and other detainees where MP assets
are not available or insufficient.
Tasking the Division/Brigade Engineer Officer in conjunction with
the G2/S2 to conduct a site survey for possible EPW/detainee holding
area facilities within the operational area. Priority should go to
existing facilities needing little or no renovation to meet operational
requirements. If suitable facilities cannot be found, the engineer
officer should provide detailed facilities design specifications to the
G4/S4 for coordination and development of contracted resources.
• G4/S4 responsibilities related to HUMINT collection include but are
not limited to––
Developing command policy for evacuation and internment of
captured enemy personnel, and evacuation and safekeeping of CEE
and CEDs.
Coordinating contracts for real estate and construction of source-
holding facilities if local capabilities are not available. Ideally,
existing facilities will be occupied and renovated whenever possible.
Collecting and distributing captured enemy supplies. (This is
coordinated with the intelligence and operations staffs.)
Procuring and distributing rations to personnel holding areas.
Transporting EPWs and other detainees in a timely, safe manner to
the appropriate facility for processing.
4-28
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
Determining requirements for use of source labor for the logistical
support needed in source-handling operations.
Providing logistical support to interpreter personnel.
• G5/S5 responsibilities related to HUMINT collection include but are
not limited to––
Coordinating with local US government, personnel staff
representatives, and HN armed forces for procuring native linguists
for interpreter support.
Coordinating military support of populous.
Providing technical advice and assistance in reorientation of sources
and enemy defectors.
Coordinating MI aspects of CMO activities with the G2.
ADDITIONAL SUPPORT
4-60. In addition to the major staff elements, a HUMINT collection element
requires support from several other elements in order to conduct operations.
These elements are discussed below.
• The US Army Criminal Investigation Command is the organization
with primary responsibility for investigating allegations of criminal
acts or reportable incidents committed by or against detainees.
• The SJA can provide legal support and advice on the interpretation
and application of applicable law and policy. Applicable law and policy
include US law; the law of war; relevant international law; relevant
directives including DOD Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence
Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD
Directive 2310.E, “The Department of Defense Detainee Program”;
DOD instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOS. The
SJA is also a channel for reporting known or suspected reportable
incidents of abuse or inhumane treatment.
• The Inspector General is a channel for reporting known or suspected
reportable incidents of abuse or inhumane treatment.
• The PMO is the channel for reporting criminal activity other than
reportable incidents, but also can be used for reporting known or
suspected reportable incidents.
• The Chaplain can also receive reports of reportable incidents.
• The G7 provides information on Information Operations and conducts
liaison with PSYOP, the Electronic Warfare Officer, the Military
Deception Officer, and Operations Security personnel.
6 September 2006
4-29
This page intentionally left blank.
FM 2-22.3
PART TWO
HUMINT Collection In Military Source Operations
Part Two discusses HUMINT collection as it pertains to MSO. The Secretary of
Defense (SECDEF) has established a DOD-wide HUMINT Enterprise consisting of
the following executors: The Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), the
Combatant Commands (COCOMs), the Military Departments, the Defense
Intelligence Agency (DIA). All Defense HUMINT Enterprise executors support and
satisfy Defense requirements by employing their available resources and
capabilities.
MSO refer to the collection of foreign military and military-related intelligence by
humans from humans. MSO are conducted under SECDEF authorities, to satisfy
DOD needs in compliance with DOD policy. Within the Army, MSO are conducted
by trained personnel under the direction of military commanders. These specially
trained personnel may employ the entire range of HUMINT collection operations.
MSO sources include one-time, continuous, and formal contacts, from contact
operations; and sources from interrogations, debriefings, and liaison activities.
Each type of MSO activity has specific operational requirements, specific legal
restrictions, and operational guidelines. HUMINT collection activities in each of
these categories require specific approval, coordination, and review. MSO include
human source contact operations, debriefing, liaison, and interrogations. This
chapter introduces each of these collection operations.
_________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 5
HUMINT Collection
HUMINT COLLECTION OPERATIONS
5-1. Full spectrum operations require focused MSO with strong capabilities
dispersed across the battlefield. In offensive and defensive operations, the
HCTs need to be placed in support of the engaged maneuver battalions. In
stability and reconstruction operations and civil support operations, the
HUMINT teams need to be located in battalion AOs throughout the AOIR.
5-2. The rapid pace of operations, the need to provide near-real time (NRT)
support of command decisions and the inherent time delays in moving
detainees, including EPWs and civilian refugees to centralized locations,
necessitate the dispersion of HUMINT collection assets to forward areas in
6 September 2006
5-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
support of critical operations rather than their retention at detainee and
refugee holding facilities at echelons corps and below. This forward
deployment gives HUMINT collectors earlier access to sources and is
facilitated by enhanced communication and automation capabilities down to
the collection team level.
5-3. All operations are different, and deployment of HUMINT assets is
METT-TC dependent. Brigades need the capability to provide 24-hour
HUMINT collection capability to each battalion AO. The command
relationship of the HUMINT collection capability is also METT-TC
dependent. The OMT should be located at the echelon that is best able to
manage and support the HCTs and to provide the best capability to answer
the commander’s PIRs.
5-4. The Division and Corps elements should cover their respective areas not
covered by their subordinate commands. They also, as needed, reinforce those
target areas that are most effective in answering their respective command
PIRs already covered by subordinate command capability. EAC HUMINT
units normally are responsible for supporting theater or national
requirements and providing HUMINT support at theater level facilities such
as the JIDC. The EAC units will also augment the echelon below corps units
and conduct source operations in the Corps area as required. Operations,
particularly in challenging terrain and in stability and reconstruction
environments, may require additional HUMINT assets normally obtained
from the RC.
HUMAN SOURCE CONTACT OPERATIONS
5-5. HUMINT collection requires the contact between the HUMINT collector,
who attempts to gather information through a variety of HUMINT collection
techniques, and a human contact, who hopefully has the information that the
HUMINT collector wants and who can be convinced to divulge the
information. Operations with formal contacts are only conducted by
HUMINT collectors and CI agents who are specifically trained and
authorized to do so. There are three levels of contacts:
• One-time contact.
• Continuous contact.
• Formal contact.
5-6. The basic goal of all levels of contact is to collect information in response
to collection tasking; however, only under certain conditions can HUMINT
collectors task contacts to get information for them (see para 5-28).
Understanding the types of contacts is key to understanding each type of
human source contact operation. The following levels are not all-inclusive nor
are the listed categories exclusive. For example, a contact who was initially a
one-time contact (such as a walk-in) may later be developed into a continuous
contact. A continuous contact may be developed into a formal contact, who
can then be tasked, trained, and paid. There is no limit on the number of
times a team can meet contacts without recruiting them and making them
into a formal contact.
5-2
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
ONE-TIME CONTACT
5-7. The one-time contact is a source of information of value that was, and
will be, encountered only once. In all operational environments the HUMINT
collector will frequently encounter a source only once, particularly at lower
echelons. This may be a local civilian encountered during a patrol, a detainee
who is quickly questioned and then evacuated, or a refugee at a checkpoint.
5-8. In addition to the information obtained from a one-time contact, the
HUMINT collector must make a reasonable effort to obtain as much basic
data as possible about the one-time contact. Complete name, occupation,
address, and other basic data of this source are crucial for a thorough
analysis of the information provided. The one-time contact and the
information he provides cannot be assessed and evaluated independently;
however, the information provided by a one-time contact must be reported
and corroborated through other HUMINT sources and even other intelligence
disciplines.
5-9. Contact reports must be filed with the OMT and source registries
maintained in accordance with FM 34-5 (S//NF), AR 381-100 (S//NF), and
DIAM 58-11 (S//NF) in order to support analysis of information obtained. If a
one-time contact is encountered for a second time and again provides
information of value, then the contact may be thereafter treated as a
continuous contact.
5-10. A walk-in is a one-time contact who volunteers information of value to
US forces on his own initiative. The walk-in source may volunteer
information by approaching an HCT, other ISR elements, or US forces or
civilian personnel anywhere in the AO. Each unit must have in place a
program to identify, safeguard, and direct the walk-in to the appropriate
collection asset, to be screened and debriefed as required. For example, a
walk-in who wanted to report a crime would be directed to the PMO rather
than to a HUMINT collector.
5-11. The collection asset will screen the walk-in to determine the type of
information the source has and to determine and evaluate the reliability of
the individual. After identifying the type of information, the collector
determines if he has the jurisdiction to collect that information. If, for
example, the walk-in wishes to report a crime, the collector refers that
individual to the proper criminal investigative agency.
5-12. Systematic questioning, deception detection techniques, and cross
checking of information are used extensively in the evaluation process.
Concurrently, there are national level directives, DOD directives, and Army
regulations that direct specific actions to be taken with a walk-in. When
dealing with a walk-in source, HUMINT collectors must guard against
adversary intelligence collection. They must also protect legitimate sources of
information. The walk-in is thoroughly debriefed on all areas of information
relevant to collection requirements, and any information of value is reported.
5-13. On occasion, the HUMINT collector may determine that a one-time
contact has the potential to become a continuous contact or a formal contact.
This is referred to as a developmental lead. A developmental lead is an
6 September 2006
5-3
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
individual identified through social and professional status, leads, source
profiling, or other techniques, who has knowledge required by the
commander. A developmental lead is any person the HUMINT collector
expects to see or would like to see again, or a person who indicates that they
intend to return in the future.
5-14. When a HUMINT collector identifies a developmental lead, he reports
his interest in elevating the source to continuous or formal contact status as
soon as possible to the OMT. Although not every developmental lead becomes
a source of information, the HUMINT collector should see each
developmental lead as a potential source of information and apply the
appropriate security measures. The developmental lead is continuously
assessed to verify his placement and access to the type of information the
HCT is seeking. Additionally, the HUMINT collector continuously assesses
the motivation and characteristics of the developmental lead.
5-15. A one-time source cannot be tasked to collect information, but can be
sensitized to information in which the HUMINT collector is interested. For
example, if a walk-in source provides information on activity in a house in his
neighborhood, he might ask if the collector would be interested in more of the
same type information in the future. The HUMINT collector cannot tell him
to go get more information, but can indicate that he would listen if the walk-
in returned with more information on the topic. If the walk-in returns a
second time, he must be handled as a continuous contact.
CONTINUOUS CONTACTS
5-16. Continuous contacts are individuals who have been identified as
having more information than could be obtained through a one-time contact,
and have been met again by HUMINT collection personnel for the purpose of
collecting additional information. HUMINT collectors do not task continuous
contacts, but they can be sensitized in the same way as one-time contacts.
Continuous contacts provide their knowledge through informal debriefings
and elicitation.
5-17. All contacts who are seen more than once by HUMINT collectors must
be tracked by registering them in the Source Registry and reporting the
contacts to the OMT. As an example, a one-time contact who reported
information to a HCT contacts them again with follow-up information. That
person will now be registered as a continuous contact and tracked by the
OMT. This registration process helps to prevent the same information from
being collected by multiple collectors from the same contact without realizing
it. See AR 381-172 (S//NF) and FM 34-5 (S//NF) for further information on
source registration and for the required forms. Types of continuous contacts
are discussed below.
Local National and Third-Country National Employees
5-18. Local national and third-country national employees are non-US
personnel from either the country in which the US forces are operating or a
third country who are either employed by US forces directly or through a
contractor to provide logistical support and services. One of the purposes of
locally employed personnel screening is to assess these individuals as
5-4
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
potential sources of information. Local national and third-country national
employees can be a prolific source of information about local attitudes and
events, particularly in a restrictive environment where US contact with the
local population is curtailed. Their information can also be significant in a
force protection role. The HUMINT collector must register these individuals
with the J/G2X. While the HUMINT collector is assessing the local national
employee as an intelligence source, CI agents are assessing the same source
pool as potential security risks.
5-19. Coordination between HUMINT collectors and CI elements is essential
for deconfliction and to avoid duplication of effort. If the HUMINT collector
identifies an employee that may be of CI interest, he should immediately
notify the appropriate CI unit.
Displaced Personnel and Refugees
5-20. DPs and refugees are excellent sources of information about denied
areas and can be used to help identify threat agents and infiltrators. The
degree of access HUMINT collectors have to DPs is dependent on the
OPORDs, ROE, and SOFAs in effect. HUMINT collectors can work with CA
or other programs dealing with DPs or refugees.
5-21. DPs and refugees are normally considered one-time sources but may be
incorporated into other long-term collection programs if their degree of
knowledge warrants this. In this case, adherence to the restrictions involving
source operations is necessary. Those restrictions can be found in AR 380-10,
AR 381-100 (S//NF), DIAM 58-11 (S//NF), DIAM 58-12 (S//NF), and other
publications as well as existing ROE and SOFAs.
US Forces
5-22. US forces have many opportunities to interact with the local population
in the normal course of their duties in operations. This source perhaps is the
most under-utilized HUMINT collection resource. Some US forces, such as
combat and reconnaissance patrols, are routinely tasked and debriefed by the
appropriate level G2/S2. Others, such as medical teams or engineers who
have extensive contact with the local population, should also be debriefed.
5-23. Commanders and staff members who serve as liaison with the local
population and local government officials can be fruitful sources of
information. CA, PSYOP, MP, and other elements also have legitimate
reasons to conduct liaison with local authorities and should be debriefed as
appropriate. The friendly force debriefing effort can succeed only with
command emphasis.
5-24. HUMINT collection elements need to coordinate with local units to
identify those individuals who would be most profitable to debrief and to
further coordinate with them for time to conduct the debriefing. Although the
S2 and S3 can and should task their soldiers to conduct collection tasks
during the course of their normal duties, HUMINT collectors must ensure
that their friendly force debriefing effort does not interfere with the primary
mission accomplishment of the soldiers being debriefed. HCTs should ensure
that the necessary staff S2s and S3s are aware of the HUMINT collection
6 September 2006
5-5
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
requirements and request that the staffs incorporate these into their
respective collection taskings. The results of debriefings by units should also
be disseminated to the HCTs for source development, collection targeting,
and analysis.
Official Liaison
5-25. Liaison with local military, government, or civilian agency officials
provides an opportunity to collect information required by the commander.
The HUMINT collector meets with these officials to conduct liaison,
coordinate certain operations, collect information, and obtain leads to
potential sources of information. Elicitation is the primary technique used
with liaison contacts, although in many cases there is a more formal
exchange of information. Information obtained by these elements through
liaison normally tends to reflect the official positions of their superiors and
may not be entirely accurate or complete.
Detainees
5-26. A detainee is any person captured or otherwise detained by an armed
force. An EPW is a detainee who meets the criteria of Articles 4 and 5 of the
GPW. (See Appendix A.) Detainees may be interrogated. They are frequently
excellent sources of information but in many instances the access of the
HUMINT collector to the detainees may be curtailed.
5-27. For example, when supporting a counterinsurgency, the supported
government may consider all captured insurgents to be criminals and not
allow US forces access to them. In these instances, US HUMINT collectors
should attempt to sit in during local questioning; they could submit questions
or, at a minimum, coordinate to receive the reports from local authority
questioning. US HUMINT collectors must remember that regardless of the
legal status of the detainees they must be treated in a manner consistent
with the Geneva Conventions. (See Appendix A.)
FORMAL CONTACT
5-28. Formal contacts are individuals who have agreed to meet and cooperate
with HUMINT collectors for the purpose of providing information. HUMINT
collectors who have met with a particular continuous contact three or more
times should consider assessing him for use as a formal contact. Formal
contacts meet repeatedly with HUMINT collectors, and their operation and
tasking must be carried out in accordance with AR 381-172 (S//NF),
DIAM 58-11 (S//NF), and DIAM 58-12 (S//NF).
5-29. Formal contacts are generally local nationals or third-country national
employees. Knowledge of their meeting with HUMINT collectors is restricted.
This can be accomplished by either disguising the fact that the HUMINT
collection personnel are indeed HUMINT personnel, or by concealing the
purpose of overt meetings with HUMINT personnel. HCTs take
extraordinary measures to protect their relationship with these contacts.
Depending on METT-TC factors, meetings with formal contacts may range
from overt meetings, which are conducted discreetly in order to protect the
5-6
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
relationship between the source and HUMINT collectors, to meetings
whereby only the collector and the source know the meeting has occurred.
When contact operations are conducted using this methodology, the operation
must be coordinated in accordance with the Under Secretary of Defense for
Intelligence (USD(I)) policy cited in Appendix J. Specific direction regarding
documentation required for recruitment, and the designation of approval
authority (usually the J/G2X) for recruitment of a formal contact, will be
specified in Appendix 5 (HUMINT) of Annex B (Intelligence) to the governing
OPLAN or OPORD.
DEBRIEFING OPERATIONS
5-30. Debriefing operations refer to the systematic questioning of individuals
not in the custody of the US, to procure information to answer collection
tasks by direct and indirect questioning techniques. The primary categories
of sources for debriefings are friendly forces and civilians including refugees,
DPs, and local inhabitants.
5-31. Debriefing operations are those operations directed towards collecting
information from a segment of the target population using primarily
debriefing techniques. These debriefing operations are separate from the
G2/S2 debriefing program to debrief personnel returning from missions.
Debriefing operations often include the debriefing of personnel who may not
usually be debriefed as part of their assigned duties.
5-32. Normally Army debriefing operations will be directly related to
collection tasks at the operational and tactical levels. Strategic debriefing of
high-level personnel in response to theater and national level requirements
is often under the purview of the DIA/DH. Army HUMINT collectors
frequently participate in this type of collection, which is under the control,
rules, regulations, and operational guidance of DH.
PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES
5-33. Debriefing operations are conducted under the guidelines of
DIAM 58-11 (S//NF) and DIAM 58-12 (S//NF). They are further subject to
applicable execute orders and the specific ROE and classified “umbrella
concept” that apply to the specific AO.
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
5-34. Debriefing requires relatively unconstrained access to the target
audience. Debriefing operations are frequently constrained by the umbrella
concept, overt operational proposal (OVOP), and OPORDs. Debriefing is a
time- and resource-demanding operation that often shows limited immediate
results. Since the potential target audience is so large, debriefing operations
require careful planning and careful screening and selection of specific
targets.
6 September 2006
5-7
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
DEBRIEFING OPERATIONS AT THE TACTICAL LEVEL
5-35. Debriefing operations at the tactical level include the debriefing of
elements of the local and transient civilian population in support of ongoing
tactical operations. This is different from but often supportive of tactical
SCOs as described in Chapter 1. Although tactical SCOs use specific
identified sources to obtain and report information, tactical debriefing
operations use one-time and continuous contacts to answer requirements.
Tactical debriefing operations are frequently combined with tactical
interrogation operations and may identify potential sources for tactical SCOs.
REFUGEE FACILITY AND CHECKPOINT OPERATIONS
5-36. Refugee facility and checkpoint operations involve placing HCTs at
points where US forces expect to encounter large numbers of refugees.
Deployment of HUMINT collectors at checkpoints is normally preferred due
to their ability to collect and report more timely information. As in the
questioning of detainees, the debriefing of refugees should not delay their
movement out of the danger area.
5-37. Checkpoint debriefing is normally done in coordination with MP or
combat forces that are manning the checkpoint. Debriefing at refugee camps
is used to obtain longer term and less immediate information. HUMINT
collection units established at refugee camps coordinate their activities with
the CA, MP, NGO, or other organizations that has responsibility for
operating the refugee camp.
5-38. In internment facilities operated by the MPs, HUMINT collectors
coordinate with MPs for access to the detainees and for guard support. In
facilities operated by NGOs, HUMINT collectors coordinate with NGOs for
permission to speak to the refugees. NGOs are civilian agencies and may
decide not to permit HUMINT collectors to have access to refugees.
FRIENDLY FORCE DEBRIEFING
5-39. Every member of the friendly force is a potential source for HUMINT
collection. Friendly force personnel frequently have contact with the threat,
civilian population, or the environment. Although many individuals report
their information in the form of combat information, many do not report the
information, do not realize its significance, or do not know how to report key
information. Frequently a systematic questioning by a trained HUMINT
collector will identify key information that can contribute to the intelligence
picture and help an individual recall details. It also helps to place his
information into a systematic format for the analyst to use.
5-40. HUMINT collectors debrief selected friendly force personnel including
combat patrols, aircraft pilots and crew, long-range surveillance teams, deep
insert special forces teams, and other high-risk mission personnel. Often the
personnel assigned to a sector of responsibility are the first to notice changes
in the attitude of the local populace or differences in the mission
environment.
5-41. They are also able to provide indicators concerning the mission
environment. HUMINT collectors also conduct debriefings of returned
5-8
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
prisoners of war (POWs), freed hostages, returned US defectors, and soldiers
reported as missing in action. These debriefings help to determine enemy
methods of operations, enemy intentions, POW handling and interrogations,
enemy weaknesses, information concerning other POWs not returned, and
battle damage assessment (BDA).
5-42. HUMINT assets lose access to valuable information if they are not
regularly coordinating with the following elements:
• Cavalry Troops, Unit Patrols, and Scouts. Unit patrols and scouts
have a unique view of the battle area that sensors cannot detect.
During operations, units and scouts often patrol villages or populated
areas that are contentious and therefore of interest. The unit will gain
valuable information on the current status of the AO, potentially
answering intelligence requirements, through mission reporting and
debriefing by their unit S2 or HUMINT collector.
• Military Police. HUMINT collection assets work with the MPs who
gain area knowledge through their extensive foot patrols and vehicular
convoys. MPs also staff checkpoints and traffic control points (TCPs)
where they interact with large numbers of the civilian populace and
encounter people and situations that often answer intelligence
requirements. MP guards at any internment facility are a valuable
source of information on the attitude and behavior of detainees.
HUMINT collectors should coordinate with the MP detainee facility
commander in order to obtain information on detainees obtained
through custodial observation and conversations.
• Civil Affairs. CA units have daily interaction with the civilian
populace including key members of the civilian community such as
politicians, technical personnel, and military leadership.
• Psychological Operations. PSYOP teams often interview civilians
on the battlefield to determine the effectiveness of friendly and threat
PSYOP campaigns. PSYOP elements also gather information on
political, social, and other PSYOP requirements. PSYOP elements
produce and disseminate intelligence products based partially on their
interaction with the civilian populace.
• Special Operations Forces. The Special Operations Forces (SOF)
team often has greater access to humans and areas on a battlefield
than any other collection asset. Their observation of and interaction
with the local population provides them access to information that
often answers collection requirements. The following are examples of
these types of collection missions:
Special reconnaissance missions into denied territory to satisfy
intelligence gaps or to confirm information from another source.
Unconventional warfare (UW) missions normally of a long duration.
SOF are inserted into hostile territory to conduct sensitive
operations that support US tactical and national objectives. During
these missions, SOF units often come in contact with the local
population and gather information that meets intelligence
requirements.
• Long-Range Surveillance. Direct observation and reporting on
targets such as activities and facilities may provide timely and
6 September 2006
5-9
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
accurate intelligence to support a decision or cross-cue other collection
capabilities. Long-range surveillance (LRS) is often employed when
discreet observation of an activity is necessary over a long period of
time or when a collection system that can respond to redirection is
necessary.
• Criminal Intelligence Operations. CID personnel, in cooperation
with MP soldiers, play a key role by linking criminal intelligence to
specific groups and events. The criminal intelligence collection effort
specifically targets weapons, drugs, organized crime, and identities of
smuggling routes. The identification of smuggling routes results in a
significant increase in numbers of weapons being confiscated. The
timely transfer of criminal intelligence products to tactical units
enables a rapid response to serious confrontations, increased
confiscation of arms and ammunition, and improved stability in a TF
and AO. The Fusion Cell within the ACE develops intelligence
products from national, theater, and operational sources. Due to the
significant threat that criminal elements pose, CID military agents
and CID civilian analysts may be attached to the Fusion Cell to
facilitate the police intelligence function.
STRATEGIC DEBRIEFING OPERATIONS
5-43. Strategic debriefing is debriefing activity conducted to collect
information or to verify previously collected information in response to
national or theater level collection priorities. This avoids surprises of a
strategic nature and is used to support long-range strategic planning.
Strategic debriefing is conducted in peacetime as well as in wartime. It often
fills intelligence gaps on extremely sensitive topics or areas. The sources for
strategic debriefing include but are not limited to émigrés, refugees,
displaced persons, defectors, and selected US personnel.
Strategic debriefing guidance is provided in DIAM 58-11 (S//NF),
DIAM 58-12 (S//NF), and DODD 3115.09, "DOD Intelligence, Interrogations,
Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning."
5-44. Strategic debriefing is conducted in a non-hostile, business-like
manner. The rapport posture is usually amicable as the source is usually
willingly answering national level intelligence needs. Although voluntary
sources may not be motivated by a desire for money or other material
incentives, it is necessary to ensure that any promised incentives are
delivered. The time used in a strategic debriefing can range from days to
years. Sources typically have high-level backgrounds in scientific, industrial,
political, or military areas.
5-45. Information gathered as strategic intelligence is categorized into eight
components. Each of these components can be divided into subcomponents.
These components and subcomponents are neither all-encompassing nor
mutually exclusive. This approach enhances familiarization with the types of
information included in strategic intelligence. An easy way to remember
these components is the acronym "BEST MAPS":
5-10
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
Biographic Intelligence
Economic Intelligence
Sociological Intelligence
Transportation and Telecommunications Intelligence
Military Geographic Intelligence
Armed Forces Intelligence
Political Intelligence
Science and Technological Intelligence
• Biographic intelligence is the study of individuals of actual or
potential importance through knowledge of their personalities and
backgrounds. For further guidance on collecting and reporting
biographic intelligence, see DIAM 58-12 (S//NF). The subcomponents
are—
Educational and occupational history—civilian and military
backgrounds of individuals.
Individual accomplishment—notable accomplishments of an
individual's professional or private life.
Idiosyncrasies and habits—mannerisms and unusual lifestyles.
Position, influence, and potential—present and/or future positions of
power or influence.
Attitudes and hobbies—significant interests that may affect an
individual's accessibility.
• Economic intelligence studies economic strengths and weaknesses
of a country. The subcomponents are—
Economic warfare—information on the diplomatic or financial steps
a country may take to induce neutral countries to cease trading with
its enemies.
Economic vulnerabilities—the degree to which a country's military
would be hampered by the loss of materials or facilities.
Manufacturing—information on processes, facilities, logistics, and
raw materials.
Source of economic capability—any means a country has to sustain
its economy (for example, black market trade, legitimate business or
trades, and imports and exports).
• Sociological intelligence deals with people, customs, behaviors, and
institutions. The subcomponents are—
Population—rates of increase, decrease, or migrations.
Social characteristics—customs, morals, and values.
Manpower—divisions and distribution within the workforce.
Welfare—health and education.
Public information—information services within the country.
• Transportation and telecommunications intelligence studies
systems dedicated to and used during military emergencies and
peacetime.
6 September 2006
5-11
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• Military geographic intelligence studies all geographic factors
(physical and cultural) that may affect military operations. Physical
geography is concerned with natural or manmade geophysical features.
Cultural geography provides demographics information.
• Armed forces intelligence is the integrated study of the ground, sea,
and air forces of the country. The subcomponents are––
Strategy—military alternatives in terms of position, terrain,
economics, and politics.
Tactics—military deployments and operations doctrine.
OB—location, organization, weapons, strengths.
Equipment—analysis of all military materiel.
Logistics—procurement, storage, and distribution.
Training—as carried out at all echelons to support doctrine.
Organization—detailed analysis of command structures.
Manpower—available resources and their conditioning.
• Political intelligence studies all political aspects which may affect
military operations. The subcomponents are—
Government structure—organization of departments and ministries.
National policies—government actions and decisions.
Political dynamics—government views and reactions to events.
Propaganda—information and disinformation programs.
Policy and intelligence services—organization and functions.
Subversion—subversive acts sponsored by the government.
• Science and technological intelligence studies the country's
potential and capability to support objectives through development of
new processes, equipment, and weapons systems. The subcomponents
are—
Weapons and weapon systems.
Missile and space programs.
Nuclear energy and weapons technology.
NBC developments.
Basic applied science.
Research and development systems.
LIAISON OPERATIONS
5-46. Liaison is conducted to obtain information and assistance, to coordinate
or procure material, and to develop views necessary to understand
counterparts. Liaison contacts are normally members of the government,
military, law enforcement, or other member of the local or coalition
infrastructure. The basic tenet of liaison is quid pro quo. An exchange of
information, services, material, or other assistance is usually a part of the
transaction. The nature of this exchange varies widely depending upon the
culture, location, and personalities involved.
5-47. Because the nature of liaison tasks varies widely, the general goals of
the liaison operation and the objective of each liaison contact should be
5-12
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
clearly defined. The objective should include the type of information to be
collected, methods of operations unique to the area, and the command
objectives. Additionally, the collector should know limitations on liaison
activities. These limitations include––
• Prohibitions against collecting certain types of information or
contacting certain types of individuals or organizations.
• Memorandums of understanding with other echelons which delineate
each echelon’s AOR and AORs for subordinate units.
• Coordination requirements per DCID 5/1 dated 19 December 1984,
which are required for selected types of liaison activities.
5-48. Administrative considerations include––
• Type, method, and channels of reporting information obtained from
liaison activities.
• Project and contingency fund site numbers to be used.
• Funding and incentive acquisition procedures.
• Limitations on the use of ICFs or incentives.
• Reporting system used.
• Authority under which the specific liaison program is conducted and
guidelines for joint and combined operations are set.
5-49. Benefits of liaison include––
• Establishing working relations with various commands, agencies, or
governments.
• Arranging for and coordinating joint and combined operations.
• Exchanging operational information and intelligence within legal
limits.
• Facilitating access to records and personnel of other agencies not
otherwise accessible.
• Acquiring information to satisfy US requirements.
• Accessing a larger pool of information.
INTERROGATION OPERATIONS
5-50. HUMINT interrogation is the systematic process of using approved
interrogation approaches to question a captured or detained person to obtain
reliable information to satisfy intelligence requirements, consistent with
applicable law and policy. Applicable law and policy include US law; the law
of war; relevant international law; relevant directives including DOD
Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings,
and Tactical Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of
Defense Detainee Program”; DOD instructions; and military execute orders
including FRAGOs. Interrogation is to be conducted by personnel trained
and certified to use legal, approved methods of convincing EPWs/detainees to
give their cooperation. Interrogation sources are detainees, including EPWs.
5-51. Definitions of EPWs and rules for their treatment are contained in the
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (GPW).
The definition and rules for the treatment of civilians are contained in the
6 September 2006
5-13
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Geneva Conventions Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of
War (GC). (See Appendix A.) For persons covered by those Conventions,
applicable GPW and GC provisions must be adhered to at all times.
(Regarding treatment of detained personnel, see also paragraph 5-74.)
5-52. There is an additional protocol to the Geneva Conventions called
Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions, 1977, which also contains
definitions of who is a civilian and who is an EPW (Articles 50 and 44). The
US has not ratified Protocol I nor does it accept the expanded definition of
EPWs that it contains. Requirements managers, J/G/S2X personnel, and
HUMINT collectors should understand, however, that coalition military
personnel with whom they may work may be bound by Protocol I, and those
coalition personnel may be required to treat additional personnel as EPWs.
Any questions concerning the GPW and Protocol I must be directed to the
SJA office for clarification.
5-53. Interrogation operations are specific operations normally conducted at
detainee collection facilities directed at the wide-scale collection of
information from detainees using interrogation techniques. Although field
interrogations are conducted at all echelons and during all operations in
which there are detainees, detention facilities where interrogation operations
occur are normally located only at theater or JTF level.
5-54. Compliance with laws and regulations, including proper treatment of
detainees, is a matter of command responsibility. Commanders have an
affirmative duty to ensure their subordinates are not mistreating detainees
or their property. HCT leaders must effectively supervise their subordinate
collectors during all interrogation operations. Supervisors must ensure that
each HUMINT collector has properly completed an interrogation plan and
sound collection strategy, and fully understands the intelligence
requirements he is seeking to satisfy prior to beginning an interrogation.
NCOs and WOs should regularly participate in interrogations with their
subordinates to ensure that the highest standards of conduct are maintained.
Interrogation supervisors should also monitor interrogations by video, where
video monitoring is available. The production, use, and dissemination of
interrogation videos must be tightly controlled by HCT leaders. Such videos
must not be released for dissemination outside the Intelligence Community
without the express permission of the SECDEF or his delegate.
NON-DOD AGENCIES
5-55. Non-DOD agencies may on occasion request permission to conduct
interrogations in Army facilities. These requests must be approved by the
JTF commander or, if there is no JTF commander, the theater commander or
appropriate higher level official. The interrogation activity commander will
assign a trained and certified interrogator to escort non-DOD interrogators to
observe their interrogation operations. The non-DOD personnel will sign for
any detainee they want to question from the MPs, following the same
established procedures that DOD personnel must follow. In all instances,
interrogations or debriefings conducted by non-DOD agencies will be
observed by DOD personnel. In all instances, non-DOD agencies must
observe the same standards for the conduct of interrogation operations and
5-14
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
treatment of detainees as do Army personnel. All personnel who observe or
become aware of violations of Army interrogation operation standards will
report the infractions immediately to the commander. The personnel who
become aware of mistreatment of detainees will report the infractions
immediately and suspend the access of non-DOD personnel to the facility
until the matter has been referred to higher headquarters. Non-DOD
personnel conducting interrogation operations in an Army facility must sign
a statement acknowledging receipt of these rules, and agree to follow them
prior to conducting any interrogation operations. Non-DOD personnel
working in DOD interrogation facilities have no authority over Army
interrogators. Army interrogators (active duty, civilian, or contractor
employees) will only use DOD-approved interrogation approaches and
techniques.
FOREIGN GOVERNMENT INTERROGATORS
5-56. Foreign governments may request to participate, or may be invited to
participate in interrogations in Army facilities. Requests for foreign
government access to detainees will be forwarded through the operational
chain of command for appropriate action pursuant to DOD policy. Foreign
government personnel must comply with US DOD policies and observe the
same standards for the conduct of interrogation operations and treatment of
detainees as do Army personnel. The interrogation activity commander will
assign a trained and certified interrogator to escort foreign government
interrogators to observe their interrogation operations. The foreign
government personnel will sign for any detainee they want to question from
the MPs, following the same established procedures that US DOD personnel
must follow. In all instances, interrogations or debriefings conducted by
foreign government interrogators will be observed by US DOD personnel. In
all instances, foreign government interrogators must observe the same
standards for the conduct of interrogation operations and treatment of
detainees as do US Army personnel.
MP FUNCTIONS IN ASSOCIATION WITH INTERROGATION OPERATIONS
5-57. MP and MI personnel both have responsibilities with regard to
EPW/detainees, but with different goals and responsibilities. (See DOD
Directive 3115.09.) Therefore, close coordination must occur between MP and
MI personnel in order to facilitate the effective accomplishment of the MP
and MI missions. Both MP and MI personnel must ensure that they treat
detainees in accordance with the baseline standards of humane treatment.
5-58. MPs are responsible for the humane treatment, evacuation, custody
and control (reception, processing, administration, internment, and safety) of
detainees; force protection; and the operation of the internment facility,
under the supervision of the provost marshal. The MPs do not conduct
intelligence interrogations. Intelligence interrogation is strictly a HUMINT
function. DOD policy requires that all detainees in its control, whether or not
interrogation has commenced, are assigned an internment serial number as
soon as possible, normally within 14 days of capture. (See AR 190-8.)
6 September 2006
5-15
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
5-59. The standard MP security and internment functions are the only
involvement the MPs have in the interrogation process. MPs will not take
any actions to set conditions for interrogations (for example, “softening up” a
detainee). For purposes of interrogation, military working dogs will not be
used.
5-60. MPs may support interrogators as requested for detainee custody,
control, escort, and/or additional security (for example, for combative
detainees). When interrogators promise an incentive to a detainee, the
interrogators must coordinate with the MPs to ensure that the detainee
receives the incentive and is allowed to retain it. MPs may provide
incentives in support of interrogation operations under the following
conditions:
• Using incentives is coordinated with and approved by the MP facility
commander.
• Providing and withdrawing incentives does not affect the baseline
standards of humane treatment. This means that MPs can provide
incentives such as special food items. However, when the incentive is
withdrawn, the MPs still must provide the normal rations.
• Using incentives does not violate detainee custody and control or
facility security. This means that if a HUMINT collector requests MPs
to provide an incentive (for instance, specialty food) but the detainee
has been spitting on the guards, then MPs would not provide the
incentive because it might reinforce inappropriate behavior.
5-61. MPs exercise the overall responsibility for the safety of detainees, even
in those cases in which detainees are in the temporary custody of HUMINT
collectors or other agency personnel for the purpose of interrogation.
HUMINT collectors should arrange with the MP supervisor to debrief MP
guards. Guards who observe and interact with detainees can report the
detainees’ disposition, activities, mood, and other observable characteristics.
5-62. HUMINT collectors conduct interrogations for intelligence information.
They normally work within the confines of the detainee detention facility, but
have no involvement in the mission of the security of detainees. MPs follow a
strict protocol concerning access to detainees. Accompanied and
unaccompanied access to detainees must be coordinated and approved in
advance by the MP commander responsible for the detainees or that
commander’s designated representative.
5-63. When HUMINT collectors coordinate for a detainee interrogation in an
internment facility, the MPs escort the detainee to the interrogation site,
which is collocated with, or located within the internment facility. MPs verify
that the HUMINT collector is authorized access to the detainee. Depending
on security concerns, the HUMINT collector may request that the MP
remain, or he may request the MP depart until the detainee needs to be
returned to the living area. If the MP remains, his functions are to maintain
the security, accountability, and safety of the detainee and the safety of the
interrogator, interpreter, and others in the interrogation site. The MP will
perform no role in the interrogation. When conducting interrogations in a
holding area such as a detainee collection point (DCP), MPs may not be
available to provide security for interrogation operations. In that case, the
5-16
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
HUMINT collector will need to arrange for security from the unit that has
established the holding area.
5-64. If the MP departs the immediate area where the detainee is being
questioned (for example, asked to wait outside the interrogation room), the
HUMINT collector will assume custody and responsibility for the detainee by
signing for the detainee, noting the detainee’s physical condition.
5-65. SOPs should be written to comply with a requirement that
interrogation operations will always be under observation, whether
conducted in fixed sites, holding areas, or in the field. Physical setup and
logistical availability will dictate whether observation is conducted directly,
from a concealed location, or by video monitoring. HUMINT collectors should
never be alone with a detainee without being under observation.
5-66. Once a HUMINT collector has assumed custody of a detainee, he will
not turn the detainee over to anyone other than an MP. Specifically, he will
not allow another government agency to assume custody from him. The
HUMINT collector will instead return the detainee to the custody of the MP,
and the agency seeking custody of the detainee will then be required to do so
from the MP. Likewise, HUMINT collectors will not assume custody of a
detainee directly from another government agency, but will require them to
return the detainee directly to the custody of the MP.
LEGAL, REGULATORY, AND POLICY PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES
5-67. The GPW (Appendix A, Section I), the GC (Appendix A, Section III),
and the UCMJ are relevant documents pertaining to interrogations of
detainees.
5-68. The approaches, psychological techniques, and other principles
presented in this manual must be conducted in accordance with applicable
law and policy. Applicable law and policy include US law; the law of war;
relevant international law; relevant directives including DOD Directive
3115.09, “DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and
Tactical Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense
Detainee Program”; DOD instructions; and military execute orders including
FRAGOs. US policy is to treat all detainees and conduct all interrogations,
wherever they may occur, in a manner consistent with this commitment.
Authority for conducting interrogations of personnel detained by military
forces rests primarily upon the traditional concept that the commander may
use all available resources and lawful means to accomplish the mission and
to protect and secure the unit.
6 September 2006
5-17
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
“Prisoners of war do not belong to the power for which they have fought; they are all under the
safeguard of honor and generosity of the nation that has disarmed them.”
▬Napoleon, The Military Maxims of Napoleon
1927, ed. Burnod
POINT OF
F CAPT
A
URE THROUGH EVAC
A UAT
A IO
I N
MP Functions
HUMINT Functions
MP Functions
HUMINT Func
• Maneuver and Mobility Support Operations
• Screen and question detainees at TCPs and
• Maneuver and Mobility Support Operations
• Screen and question detainees at TCPs
• Area Security
checkpoints
• Area Security
checkpoint
• Internment and Resettlement Operations
• Question contacts, local civilians, refugees,
• Internment and Resettlement Operations
• Question contacts, local civilians, refugees
• Law and Order Operations
and EPWs
• Law and Order Operations
and EPW
• Police Intelligence Operations
• Conduct liaison with military and civilian
• Police Intelligence Operations
• Conduct liaison with military and civili
• Ensure detainee abuse is avoided and
agencies
• Ensure detainee abuse is avoided and
agencie
reported
• Report information obtained
reported
• Report information obtaine
• Ensur
ns e d
ur
e
e d ta
e ine
ta
e
ine ab
a us
b e
us i
e s
i av
a oide
v
d
oide a
d n
a d
repo
p r
o ted
•
• Supp
p o
p rt DOCEX
rt DO
DETEN
E TION FAC
A ILI
I TY
MP Functio
cti ns
s
HU
H MIN
MI T Func
Fu
tio
nc
n
tio s
• Det
e ain a
ai
n
n a d g
d uar
g
d
uar E
d PW
P s,
s civ
,
i
civ lian
an inter
in
n
ter ee
n s,
ees,
•
• Deb
e riref g
ef uar
g
d
uar s
d
and oth
t er
e de
d ta
e in
ta ee
e s
s
•
• Scre
cr en d
e
e
en d ta
e ine
ta
e
ine s and
s
E
and PW
P s
s for P
for IR
R and IR
a
•
• Con
o du
d ct re
r cepti
c
on a
epti
nd pr
on a
o
nd pr c
o essi
e
ng
ssing
•
• Pro
r vi
v de
de ling
lin ui
g st
uist sup
su por
p
t w
por
h
t w en
e pos
n
si
pos b
si l
b e
•
• Coo
o rdin
rd at
in e C
at
las
a se
s s I, II
s
,
I, II, and
an V
d III s
III u
s pp
u lie
pp s
lies
•
• Ob
O serv
r e
v detai
a nees unde
d r
r MP
MP con
o t
n rol
o
• Coo
o rdin
rd at
in e N
at
GO
G s
O , PVOs,
O an
s, d
an int
d
e
int ra
r ge
g nc
n y
y
•
• Ensur
ns e d
ur
e
e d ta
e ine
ta
e
ine ab
a us
b e
us i
e s
i av
a oide
v
d
oide a
d n
a d
visits
s
repo
p r
o ted
•
• Ensur
ns e d
ur
e
e d ta
t in
a e
in e
e abu
ab s
u e
s i
e s
i av
a oide
v
d
oide a
d nd r
a
e
nd r po
e rt
po ed
rted
•
• Con
o du
d ct inte
ct int rr
e og
rr atio
og
ns
atio
• Tr
T ansp
r
o
ansp rt
r de
d tai
e nee
tai
s w
nee
i
s w thin
thin the de
th
t
e de ent
t
ion
ention
•
• Repor
e
t
por inf
t
o
inf rm
r atio
m
n o
atio
b
n o tai
b ned
tai
facil
fa i
cil ty to i
ty
n
to i ter
n
r
ter ogat
r
i
ogat on ar
on
e
ar a
ea
•
• Cro
r ss
s -cue
-cue othe
ot r inte
he
lli
r inte ge
lli n
ge c
n e disc
e dis iplin
ip es
lin
• Mainta
M
i
ainta n
n secu
se rity
cu
d
rity u
d rirng
n i
g n
i ter
n
r
ter oga
r
t
oga iton
on
(as n
s eed
e ed
e )
operations
ations
•
• Supp
p o
p rt DOCEX
rt DO
Figure 5-1. MP vs HUMINT Responsibilities.
5-69. The Geneva Conventions establish specific standards for humane care
and treatment of enemy personnel captured, retained, or detained by US
military forces and its allies. All persons who have knowledge of suspected or
alleged violations of the Geneva Conventions are obligated by regulation to
report such matters through command channels or to designated individuals,
such as the SJA or IG. For example, HUMINT collectors who are working
with others must ensure that no incidents of detainee abuse occur, whether
committed by a fellow HUMINT collector, an interpreter, HN or coalition
personnel, MP, representative of another government agency, or anyone else.
5-70. Failure to report a suspected or alleged violation of the law of war may
subject the service member to disciplinary actions. Violations of the Geneva
Conventions committed by US personnel may constitute violations of the
UCMJ. The commander is responsible for ensuring that the forces under his
command comply with the Geneva Conventions. If violations occur in the
conduct of warfare, the commander bears primary responsibility for
investigating and taking appropriate action with respect to the violators.
5-71. Every soldier has the duty to report serious incidents, whether
observed or suspected, in accordance with AR 190-40. Such incidents are
reported to the chain of command. If the chain of command itself is
5-18
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
implicated, the soldier can report the incident to the SJA, IG, chaplain, or
provost marshal.
5-72. There are reasons for reporting serious incidents beyond those related
to legal requirements. For instance, the publishing of enemy war crimes can
be used to influence public opinion against the enemy. Also, reporting war
crimes of other countries provides important information that may become
relevant, since we would not be able to transfer detainees to any power that
we could not rely on to treat them appropriately under the law of war,
including the Geneva Conventions.
5-73. Several articles of the GPW apply to HUMINT collectors and
interrogation operations. Excerpts from some of the most relevant articles of
the Geneva Conventions are listed below. Although the following excerpts are
specific to EPWs, service members must treat all detainees captured during
armed conflict consistent with the provisions of the GPW unless a
determination to the contrary is made. Moreover, US policy requires that US
forces apply the principles of the Geneva Conventions, during military
operations. (See Appendix A.)
• Article 5 - Should any doubt arise as to whether persons having
committed a belligerent act and having fallen into the hands of the
enemy, belong to any of the categories enumerated in Article 4, such
persons shall enjoy the protection of the present Convention until such
time as their status has been determined by a competent tribunal.
• Article 13 - PWs must at all times be treated humanely. Any unlawful
act or omission by the Detaining Power causing death or seriously
endangering the health of a PW in its custody is prohibited. Likewise,
PWs must at all times be protected, particularly against acts of
violence or intimidation and against insults and public curiosity.
• Article 14 - PWs are entitled, in all circumstances, to respect for their
persons and honor. Women shall be treated with all regard due to their
sex, and shall in all cases benefit by treatment as favorable as that
granted to men.
• Article 15 - The Power detaining PWs shall be bound to provide, free of
charge, for their maintenance and medical attention required by their
state of health.
• Article 17 - This article covers several requirements with direct impact
on interrogation.
Every PW, when questioned on the subject, is bound to give only his
surname, first names and rank, date of birth, and army, regimental,
personal or serial number, or failing this, equivalent information. If
he willfully infringes this rule, he may render himself liable to a
restriction of the privileges (emphasis added) accorded to his rank or
status.
For example, this does not mean if a prisoner fails to give this
information he loses status as a prisoner, only special privileges. An
example might be an officer who fails to identify himself as such. An
officer cannot be compelled to work (Article 49). An officer who fails
to identify himself as such could lose this privilege.
6 September 2006
5-19
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
The questioning of PWs shall be carried out in a language they
understand.
No physical or mental torture or any other form of coercion may be
inflicted on EPWs to secure from them information of any kind
whatever. PWs who refuse to answer may not be threatened,
insulted, or exposed to unpleasant or disadvantageous treatment of
any kind.
• Article 18 - All effects and articles of personal use, except arms, horses,
military equipment and documents, shall remain in the possession of
PWs, likewise their metal helmets and protective masks and like
articles issued for personal protection. Effects and articles used for
their clothing or feeding shall also remain in their possession, even if
such effects and articles belong to their regulation military equipment.
Badges of rank and nationality, decorations and articles having
above all a personal or sentimental value may not be taken from
PWs.
Sums of money carried by PWs may not be taken away from them
except by order of an officer, and after the amount and particulars of
the owner have been recorded in a special register and an itemized
receipt has been given, legibly inscribed with the name, rank, and
unit of the person issuing said receipt. (Note: Unit SOP should
require initial impounding of all sums of money from detainees,
properly documented and accounted for, in order to prevent
detainees from using money to buy influence of any kind, or
participate in black market or other improper activity.)
• Article 19 - PWs shall be evacuated, as soon as possible after their
capture, to camps situated in an area far enough from the combat zone
for them to be out of danger. Only those PWs, who, owing to wounds
and sickness, would run greater risks by being evacuated than by
remaining where they are, may be temporarily kept back in a danger
zone.
• Article 33 - Medical personnel and chaplains, while retained by the
Detaining Power with a view to assisting PWs, shall not be considered
as PWs. They shall, however, receive as a minimum, the benefits and
protection of the Geneva Convention. They shall continue to exercise
their medical and spiritual functions for the benefits of PWs.
5-74. All captured or detained personnel, regardless of status, shall
be treated humanely, and in accordance with the Detainee
Treatment Act of 2005 and DOD Directive 2310.1E, “Department of
Defense Detainee Program,” and no person in the custody or under
the control of DOD, regardless of nationality or physical location,
shall be subject to torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
or punishment, in accordance with and as defined in US law. All
intelligence interrogations, debriefings, or tactical questioning to gain
intelligence from captured or detained personnel shall be conducted in
accordance with applicable law and policy. Applicable law and policy include
US law; the law of war; relevant international law; relevant directives
including DOD Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence Interrogations,
Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E,
5-20
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
“The Department of Defense Detainee Program”; DOD instructions; and
military execute orders including FRAGOs. Use of torture is not only illegal
but also it is a poor technique that yields unreliable results, may damage
subsequent collection efforts, and can induce the source to say what he thinks
the HUMINT collector wants to hear. Use of torture can also have many
possible negative consequences at national and international levels.
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment Prohibited
All prisoners and detainees, regardless of status, will be treated humanely. Cruel,
inhuman and degrading treatment is prohibited. The Detainee Treatment Act of 2005
defines “cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment” as the cruel unusual, and inhumane
treatment or punishment prohibited by the Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to
the U.S. Constitution. This definition refers to an extensive body of law developed by the
courts of the United States to determine when, under various circumstances, treatment of
individuals would be inconsistent with American constitutional standards related to
concepts of dignity, civilization, humanity, decency and fundamental fairness. All DOD
procedures for treatment of prisoners and detainees have been reviewed and are consistent
with these standards, as well as our obligations under international law as interpreted by
the United States.1
Questions about applications not resolved in the field by reference to DOD publications,
must be forwarded to higher headquarters for legal review and specific approval by the
appropriate authority before application.
The following actions will not be approved and cannot be condoned in any circumstances:
forcing an individual to perform or simulate sexual acts or to pose in a sexual manner;
exposing an individual to outrageously lewd and sexually provocative behavior;
intentionally damaging or destroying an individual’s religious articles.
___________________________
1 Nothing in this enclosure should be understood to affect the U.S. obligations under the
law of war.
5-75. If used in conjunction with intelligence interrogations,
prohibited actions include, but are not limited to—
• Forcing the detainee to be naked, perform sexual acts, or pose in a
sexual manner.
• Placing hoods or sacks over the head of a detainee; using duct tape
over the eyes.
• Applying beatings, electric shock, burns, or other forms of physical
pain.
• “Waterboarding.”
• Using military working dogs.
• Inducing hypothermia or heat injury.
• Conducting mock executions.
• Depriving the detainee of necessary food, water, or medical care.
5-76. While using legitimate interrogation techniques, certain applications of
approaches and techniques may approach the line between permissible
actions and prohibited actions. It may often be difficult to determine where
6 September 2006
5-21
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
permissible actions end and prohibited actions begin. In attempting to
determine if a contemplated approach or technique should be considered
prohibited, and therefore should not be included in an interrogation plan,
consider these two tests before submitting the plan for approval:
• If the proposed approach technique were used by the enemy against
one of your fellow soldiers, would you believe the soldier had been
abused?
• Could your conduct in carrying out the proposed technique violate a
law or regulation? Keep in mind that even if you personally would not
consider your actions to constitute abuse, the law may be more
restrictive.
5-77. If you answer yes to either of these tests, the contemplated action
should not be conducted. If the HUMINT collector has any doubt that an
interrogation approach contained in an approved interrogation plan is
consistent with applicable law, or if he believes that he is being told to use an
illegal technique, the HUMINT collector should seek immediate guidance
from the chain of command and consult with the SJA to obtain a legal review
of the proposed approach or technique. (See paras 5-80 and 5-81 for
information on responding to illegal orders.) If the HUMINT collector
believes that an interrogation approach or technique is unlawful during the
interrogation of a detainee, the HUMINT collector must stop the
interrogation immediately and contact the chain of command for additional
guidance.
CAUTION: Although no single comprehensive source defines impermissible
coercion, certain acts are clearly prohibited. Certain prohibited physical
coercion may be obvious, such as physically abusing the subject of the
screening or interrogation. Other forms of impermissible coercion may be
more subtle, and may include threats to turn the individual over to others to
be abused; subjecting the individual to impermissible humiliating or
degrading treatment; implying harm to the individual or his property. Other
prohibited actions include implying a deprivation of applicable protections
guaranteed by law because of a failure to cooperate; threatening to separate
parents from their children; or forcing a protected person to guide US forces in
a dangerous area. Where there is doubt, you should consult your supervisor or
servicing judge advocate.
5-78. Security internees are detainees who are not combatants but who pose
a security threat, may be under investigation, or who pose a threat to US
forces if released. HUMINT collectors are required to treat all detainees
humanely. EPWs are entitled to additional protections guaranteed by the
GPW that security internees may not be eligible for. For example, allowing a
security internee to communicate with a family member (a right that an
EPW has under the Geneva Conventions) could allow him to pass
information that would compromise a sensitive investigation and endanger
the lives of soldiers and civilians. HUMINT collectors should consult with
their SJA for clarification of detainees’ status and rights.
5-79. HUMINT collectors are employed below brigade level when the combat
situation requires limited tactical interrogation at battalion or lower.
5-22
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
HUMINT collectors should also provide training in the area of tactical
questioning to designated S2 personnel. The potential for abuse of the
detainee is greatest at initial capture and tactical questioning phase. With
the excitement and stress of the battlefield, unskilled personnel may exercise
poor judgment or be careless and thus resort to illegal techniques to elicit
critical information. Personnel who are not trained HUMINT collectors will
not attempt to use approach techniques. Instructions must stress the
importance of the proper treatment of detainees. Emphasize that in addition
to legal requirements, the abuse of a detainee at the initial stage of contact
often renders future interrogation futile. All treatment of detainees must be
consistent with the Geneva Conventions. (See ST 2-91.6 for further
information on tactical questioning.)
5-80. Orders given to treat detainees in any way that violate the Law of War,
including the Geneva Conventions, or that result in detainees being treated
in any prohibited manner are unlawful. Every soldier must know how to
respond to orders that he perceives to be unlawful. If a soldier receives an
order that he knows to be unlawful, or that a person of ordinary sense and
understanding would know to be unlawful, or if the order is not clear enough
to determine if it is legal or not, he should follow the steps set out below
(preferably in the order listed):
• Ask for clarification.
• State that the order is illegal if he knows that it is.
• Use moral arguments against the order.
• State the intent to report the act.
• Ask the senior interrogator to stop the act.
• Report the incident or order if the order is not withdrawn or the act in
question is committed.
• If there appears to be no other recourse, refuse to obey the unlawful
order.
NOTE: If the order is a lawful order, it should be obeyed. Failure to obey a
lawful order is an offense under the UCMJ.
5-81. None of the above actions should be taken in the presence of any
detainee. Witnessing actions taken to determine the legality of an order may
lead to increased resistance of the detainee and could lead to increased
resistance throughout the detainee population if they believe they are being
treated unlawfully.
5-82. Illegal orders or incidents must be reported to the chain of command.
However, if the chain of command itself is implicated, report the incident or
order to the SJA, IG, chaplain, or provost marshal.
6 September 2006
5-23
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
EPW Evacuation System
5-83. The MPs are responsible for evacuating detainees, civilian internees,
and other detainees, as stipulated in AR 190-8. HUMINT collection assets
must be placed to take advantage of the evacuation system the MPs will put
into place. The evacuation of detainees and civilian internees normally is a
slow and cumbersome process that can severely tax a maneuver unit’s
resources. Appendix D explains the handling of detainees in detail, including
the 5Ss—Search, Silence, Safeguard, Segregate, and Speed to the Rear. The
5Ss are authorized with respect to handling detainees for the purposes of
movement of detainees and security. The 5Ss are not authorized for use as
interrogation approach techniques.
5-84. The initial evacuation of detainees and civilian internees is the
responsibility of the capturing unit. That unit is normally responsible for
moving the detainees and civilian internees from the point of capture to the
nearest DCP. Under MP doctrine, the MPs are responsible for the detention,
security, processing, safety, well-being, accountability, and humane
treatment of detainees and civilian internees.
5-85. Normally the MPs assume responsibility for the further evacuation of
the detainees and civilian internees; however, under certain circumstances,
other units could be charged with this task. The detainees are normally
evacuated from a DCP to a short-term collection facility and then finally to a
theater internment facility. Once the theater internment facility (joint) is
established, dependent on METT-TC factors, the internment facility escort
guard units may go forward as far as the initial collection points and escort
detainees and civilian internees to a short-term collection facility or straight
to a theater internment facility.
5-86. Senior MP commanders coordinate and synchronize transportation
and security requirements with MP divisional and BCT leaders. It may take
8 hours for a detainee to reach the DCP; 8 to 16 hours more to reach a short-
term collection facility; and 24 additional hours to reach the theater
internment facility. Mandatory timelines will be determined in command
policy guidance. Critical during this process is that MPs work closely with
MI, SJA, and interagency personnel to determine the proper status of
individuals detained. Determining whether an individual is an EPW, a
criminal insurgent, or in another status is crucial to facilitate the release or
transportation, holding, and security requirements. This determination will
be used when the individual’s biometric data is taken and entered into the
Biometric Automated Toolset (BAT).
5-87. The HUMINT collection assets need to be positioned to maximize their
collection potential and take advantage of the time available during
evacuation. The rapidity of operations and the need to facilitate the
commander’s situational understanding––coupled with the technological
innovations that link the HUMINT collector to databases, analysts, and
technical support from anywhere on the battlefield––require placing the
HCTs forward into brigade and even maneuver battalion areas to provide
5-24
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
immediate access to EPWs/detainees. EPWs/detainees are normally
interrogated for tactical information in the maneuver battalion trains areas
and then questioned in detail at the theater JIDC.
Security
5-88. When dealing with detainees, the HUMINT collector faces two security
considerations: his own physical security and information security.
Particularly when operating in support of tactical operations, the HUMINT
collector is in close contact with enemy soldiers who could attempt to escape
and may attack the HUMINT collector in doing so. Detainees during a
stability and reconstruction operation are often people committed to a cause
who find themselves in desperate circumstances. Although the detainees are
normally under guard, the HUMINT collector must always be alert to any
physical threat posed by these individuals. He must also ensure that his own
actions do not provide the detainee with the means with which to harm the
collector or anyone else.
5-89. The HUMINT collector should also be aware that EPWs and other
detainees may attempt to elicit information. Since HUMINT collectors, by
virtue of their position, may possess a great deal of classified information,
they must be careful not to reveal it unwittingly in the process of questioning
a detainee.
6 September 2006
5-25
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
PROHIBITION AGAINST USE OF FORCE
Acts of violence or intimidation, including physical or mental torture, or exposure to inhumane
treatment as a means of or aid to interrogation are expressly prohibited. Acts in violation of these
prohibitions may be a violation of US law and regulation and the law of war, including the Geneva
Conventions of 1949, and may be criminal acts punishable under the UCMJ and other US law.
Moreover, information obtained by the use of these prohibited means is of questionable value. If
there is doubt as to the legality of a proposed form of interrogation, the advice of the SJA must be
sought before using the method in question.
Limitations on the use of methods identified herein as expressly prohibited should not be confused
with psychological ploys, verbal trickery, or other nonviolent or non-coercive subterfuge used by the
trained HUMINT collector in the successful interrogation of hesitant or uncooperative sources. Use
of torture by US personnel would bring discredit upon the US and its armed forces while
undermining domestic and international support for the war effort. It also could place US and allied
personnel in enemy hands at a greater risk of abuse by their captors. Conversely, knowing the
enemy has abused US and allied POWs does not justify using methods of interrogation specifically
prohibited by law, treaty, agreement, and policy. In conducting intelligence interrogations, the
J2/G2/S2 has primary staff responsibility to ensure that these activities are performed in accordance
with these laws and regulations. [*The commander bears the responsibility to ensure that
these activities are performed in accordance with applicable law, regulations, and policy.
The unit must have an internal SOP for execution of the interrogation mission.]
The psychological techniques and principles in this manual should neither be confused with, nor
construed to be synonymous with, unauthorized techniques such as brainwashing, physical or
mental torture, including drugs that may induce lasting or permanent mental alteration or damage.
Physical or mental torture and coercion revolve around eliminating the source's free will, and are
expressly prohibited by GWS, Article 13; GPW, Articles 13 and 17; and GC, Articles 31 and 32.
Torture is an act committed by a person under the
color of law specifically intended to inflict severe
physical or mental pain and suffering (other than
pain or suffering incidental to lawful sanctions) upon
another person within his custody or physical
control. (Extracted from Title 18 of the United States
Code, Section 2340A).
*Emphasis added for use in this manual.
Capture Rates
5-90. Anticipating not only overall capture rates but also capture rates
linked to specific operations is vital to the correct placement of HUMINT
collectors supporting interrogation operations. Defensive and stability and
reconstructions operations normally provide a small but steady flow of
detainees while successful offensive operations can overwhelm HCTs. To be
successful, HUMINT collection support to tactical operations must be
carefully planned and prioritized. Available HUMINT collection assets must
be balanced against the operations objective, enemy situation estimate, and
projected EPW capture rates. The unit S2 is responsible for projecting
capture rates.
Interrogating Wounded and Injured Detainees
5-91. Commanders are responsible to ensure that detainees receive adequate
health care. Decisions regarding appropriate medical treatment of detainees
and the sequence and timing of that treatment are the province of medical
personnel. Detainees will be checked periodically in accordance with
5-26
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
command health care directives, guidance, and SOPs, applicable to all
detainees to ensure they are fit for interrogations. Detainees determined by
medical personnel to be medically unfit to undergo interrogation will not be
interrogated. Health care personnel will be on call should a medical
emergency arise during interrogation. Health care personnel will report
detainees’ conditions, as appropriate, to the commander. Health care
providers shall not be placed in a position to advise on the application or
duration of interrogation approach techniques.
5-92. Wounded and otherwise injured detainees can be a valuable source of
information. For evacuation purposes, medical personnel may classify
detainees as walking wounded or sick or as non-walking wounded or sick.
Walking wounded detainees are evacuated through normal evacuation
channels. Non-walking wounded are delivered to the nearest medical aid
station and evacuated through medical channels.
5-93. HUMINT collectors may interrogate a wounded or injured detainee
provided that they obtain permission from a competent medical authority
and that the questioning will not delay or hinder medical treatment.
Questioning will not delay the administration of medication to reduce pain or
the evacuation of the detainee to where they may receive medical treatment,
nor will interrogation be allowed if it would cause a worsening of the
condition of the detainee. In most cases, this simply requires the HUMINT
collector to ask the doctor, medic, or other medical personnel if it is all right
to talk to the detainee.
5-94. With the doctor’s permission, the HUMINT collector may talk to the
detainee before, after, or during medical treatment. The HUMINT collector
cannot at any time represent himself as being a doctor or any other type of
medical personnel. Nor can he state, imply, or otherwise give the impression
that any type of medical treatment is conditional on the detainee’s
cooperation in answering questions.
TYPES OF INTERROGATION OPERATIONS
5-95. There are two general categories of interrogation operations: field
interrogation operations and interrogation facility operations.
FIELD INTERROGATION OPERATIONS
5-96. Field interrogation operations constitute the vast majority of
interrogation operations at echelons corps and below. Field interrogations
include all interrogation operations not conducted at a fixed facility. Current
doctrine emphasizes the placement of HCTs forward with maneuver units to
provide immediate interrogation support while the information is fresh and
the detainee may still be susceptible to approaches, due to the shock of
capture. The rationale for this method of employment is twofold:
• First, the pace of the modern battlefield no longer allows the luxury of
waiting for a detainee to reach a collection point prior to interrogation.
Commanders need more timely information, including HUMINT. Also,
automated tools and improved communications now permit rapid
transmittal of information from forward-deployed HCTs.
6 September 2006
5-27
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• Second, current MP doctrine has the theater level EPW escort
companies picking up detainees as far forward as the division forward
collection points and bypassing the intervening collection points.
5-97. An added benefit of placing the HCTs with maneuver units is that it
allows them to conduct other HUMINT collection activities, such as the
debriefing of local civilians and refugees concurrently with interrogation
operations. HCTs are allocated to maneuver units based on—
• The relative importance of that subordinate element’s operations to the
unit’s overall scheme of maneuver.
• The potential for that subordinate element to capture detainees,
documents, and materiel or encounter civilians on the battlefield.
• The criticality of information obtained from those sources to the
success of the parent unit’s overall OPLANs.
5-98. As the mission and situation change, the HCTs are redistributed. As
MI assets, they should never be kept in reserve.
5-99. During offensive and defensive operations, HCTs normally operate
with maneuver brigades and battalions. HUMINT collectors with battalions
or brigades should be equipped with vehicles and communications systems
that are compatible with the systems organic to the supported unit.
HUMINT collectors with brigades and battalions receive their collection
priorities from the S2 of the supported unit. In stability and reconstruction
operations, the HCTs normally operate in the AOs of battalion and brigade
TFs.
INTERROGATION FACILITY OPERATIONS
5-100. Joint interrogation operations are operations conducted at higher
echelons, usually at, and in coordination with, EPW and detainee internment
facilities. The Joint Forces Commander (JFC) normally tasks the Army
component commander to establish, secure, and maintain the EPW
internment facility system. The corps may have the mission of establishing
an interrogation facility when it is acting as the Army Forces (ARFOR) or
Land Component Command (LCC) element.
5-101. An echelon above corps (EAC) MP brigade normally operates the
theater internment facility. The subordinate JFC with a J2 staff lead
establishes a Joint Interrogation and Debriefing Center as an activity within
the theater internment facility. The MI Brigade Commander or other named
SIO is normally designated as the JIDC commander. Army interrogation
operations are normally carried out in an area of the MP-operated
internment facility set aside for that use.
5-102. The JIDC is normally administratively and operationally self-
sufficient. A JIDC will function as part of an overall detainee command and
control structure as outlined in FM 3-19.40 and/or by policy. Continuous
coordination between the JIDC commander and internment facility
commander is essential. The JIDC will—
• Normally consist of facility headquarters, operations, analysis,
editorial, interrogation, screening, and DOCEX elements.
5-28
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
• Collocate with the theater detainee internment facility.
• Organizationally structure itself to meet METT-TC requirements
within the theater.
• Include HUMINT collectors, CI personnel, technical experts, personnel
for CEDs and DOCEX, and intelligence analysts, as applicable, from
the Army, Air Force, Marine Corps, Navy, and other government
agencies.
• Maintain the capability to deploy HCTs forward, as needed, to conduct
interrogations or debriefings of sources of interest who cannot be
readily evacuated to the JIDC.
• Often establish a combined interrogation facility with allied HUMINT
collector or interrogator augmentation if operating as part of a
multinational operation.
• Receive collection guidance from the C/J/G2X and send its intelligence
reports to the C/J/G2X and to the supported C/J/G/S2.
5-103. The exact size and organizational structure of these elements will
vary dependent on METT-TC.
Headquarters Element
5-104. The activity headquarters provides all command, administrative,
logistic, and maintenance support to the JIDC. It coordinates with—
• Higher headquarters for personnel, intelligence, and operational and
logistical support prior to and after deployment.
• Theater J2 for reporting procedures, operational situation updates,
theater and national level intelligence requirements, and collection
priorities.
• Provost marshal for location of theater detainee internment facilities
and for procedures to be followed by HUMINT collectors and MPs for
the processing, interrogating, and internment of EPWs.
• Commanders of theater medical support units and internment facility
for procedures to treat, and clear for questioning, wounded EPWs.
• Commanders of supporting CI and TECHINT assets to establish
support requirements and procedures.
• The servicing SJA.
• Magistrate for Article 78 issues.
• Commanders of Air Force, Marine, Navy, and national level
organizations to arrange administrative and logistic interoperability.
Operations Element
5-105. The operations element controls the daily activities within the JIDC.
The JIDC operations element—
• Ensures that work areas are available for all JIDC elements.
• Establishes and maintains JIDC functional files, logs, and journals.
• Makes detainee files available to detainee release boards to assist the
board members in their determinations.
• Establishes interrogation priorities.
6 September 2006
5-29
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• Disseminates incoming and outgoing distribution.
• Conducts coordination with local officials, adjacent and subordinate
intelligence activities, CI, MP, PSYOP, the Joint Captured Materiel
Exploitation Center (JCMEC), Plans and Policy Directorate (J5), and
provost marshal.
• Conducts coordination with holding area officer in charge (OIC) for
screening site, medical support, access, movement, and evacuation
procedures for detainees.
• Conducts operations briefings when required.
• Supervises all JIDC operations and establishes SOPs.
• Supervises all intelligence collection activities within the JIDC.
• Ensures observers are present when OGAs use the JIDC’s
interrogation rooms.
Analytical Element
5-106. The analytical element normally is directly subordinate to the
operations element. The JIDC analytical element ensures that collection
requirements are current and validated. It reviews reports to ensure that the
information reported is in response to validated collection requirements. In
addition, they ensure an up-to-date common operational picture (COP) by
maintaining digital mapping of the current tactical situation and with OB
updates to help HUMINT collectors maintain their situational awareness. At
locations where digital mapping is not possible, paper situation maps
(SITMAPs) are maintained. This element also––
• Obtains, updates, and maintains the database.
• Works with interrogators to provide collection focus for interrogations.
• Establishes and maintains OB workbooks and files including data
generated by intelligence information which has not been verified.
• Maintains digital or paper SITMAPs, as available, displaying enemy
and friendly situations.
• Catalogs, cross-references, and disseminates collection requirements to
JIDC collection elements.
• Reviews interrogation reports for inclusion into the database.
• Conducts situation briefings when required.
• Conducts intelligence reach with the J2 analytical cell and other
analytical elements, such as INSCOM Information Dominance Center,
for relevant information and analysis.
Editorial Element
5-107. The editorial element is normally directly subordinate to the
operations element. It reviews all outgoing reports for format, content, and
completeness.
DOCEX Element
5-108. At a minimum, the JIDC will contain a small DOCEX element to
translate, screen, and extract information from and report on information of
5-30
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
intelligence interest from source-associated documents. The theater joint
document exploitation facility (JDEF) may be collocated with the JIDC. In
this instance, the JDEF will translate, screen, categorize, and exploit all
types of CEDs.
Screening Element
5-109. The JIDC normally has a separate screening element to receive and
screen all incoming detainees and their personal effects. The screening
element will review previous screening reports, which should have been sent
along with the detainees; recommend priorities for interrogation; identify
individuals of interest to other agencies; and may conduct limited
interrogations for PIR information. The exact size of the element will vary
based on detainee capture rates and detainee flow. Interrogation elements
should use their most experienced interrogators as screeners in order to
quickly and effectively select the detainees for interrogation who are most
likely to possess useful information.
Interrogation Element
5-110. The interrogation element assigns HUMINT collectors to specific
detainees, uses interrogation and other HUMINT collection methods to
obtain information in response to intelligence requirements, and produces
intelligence reports (IIRs and SALUTE reports) as well as source-related
operational reports. The interrogation element may also debrief returning US
POWs and other personnel as deemed relevant.
6 September 2006
5-31
This page intentionally left blank.
FM 2-22.3
PART THREE
The HUMINT Collection Process
Part Three discusses the logical progression of phases involved in all HUMINT
collection. There are five phases and the related task of screening that are critical to
HUMINT collection. This remains consistent with previous doctrine as captured in
the interrogation process but adds screening as a phase and combines approach
and termination. The five phases are screening, planning and preparation, approach
and termination strategies, questioning, and reporting.
Chapter 6
Screening
6-1. Available human sources and documents almost always exceed the
qualified HUMINT collection assets and resources that can be applied
against them. Screening facilitates the efficient application of these limited
assets and resources to maximize the collection of relevant information.
HUMAN SOURCE SCREENING
6-2. As it applies to HUMINT operations, screening is the process of
evaluating and selecting human sources and documents for the prioritized
collection of information based on the collection requirements and mission of
the unit conducting the screening or its higher headquarters. Screening
categorizes and prioritizes sources based on the probability of a particular
source having priority information and the level of cooperation of the source.
Screening is also used to determine if a source matches certain criteria that
indicate that the source should be referred to another agency. Screening is
conducted at all echelons of command and in all operational environments.
There are two general categories of screening: human source screening and
document screening. Human source screening will be explained in depth in this
chapter. Document screening is explained in Appendix I.
6-3. The resources (time and personnel) allocated to screening must be
balanced against those required for interrogations, debriefings, and other
collection methodologies. Although screening is not in itself an information
collection technique, it is vital to the rapid collection of information. Through
screening, the effectiveness of limited collection assets can be maximized by
targeting those assets against the sources with the highest potential of
providing key information. Screening requires experienced individuals with
6 September 2006
6-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
maturity and judgment who are totally knowledgeable of the collection
requirements and able to make well-reasoned decisions based on limited
information. Collection (interrogation, debriefing, and elicitation) can be
integrated into screening activities; however, it slows the screening process
and decreases the number of potential sources that can be screened.
6-4. Human source screening is the evaluation of an individual or a group of
individuals to determine their potential to answer collection requirements or
to identify individuals who match a predetermined source profile. The
purpose of screening is to––
• Identify those select individuals among the target audience who have
information of potential value and who are willing or can be persuaded
to cooperate.
• Identify individuals who match certain criteria that indicate them as
being potential subjects for source operations or matching the profile
for collection by special interest groups such as TECHINT or CI.
6-5. Screening requires the development of criteria that are indicators of
potential information. These might include rank, position, gender, ethnic
group, appearance, and location.
6-6. Screening is an integral part to all HUMINT collection operations.
While questioning an individual source, a HUMINT collector may switch
between screening (finding out general source areas of knowledge) to
interrogation, debriefing, or elicitation (finding out detailed information
about a specific topic). In operations, such as EPW or refugee operations that
involve large numbers of potential sources, screening will normally be
conducted as a separate but collocated operation as part of the overall
interrogation or debriefing effort. The high number of potential sources being
dealt with in most human source screening operations requires a systematic
approach be developed and utilized to make the most effective use of the
personnel and resources being allocated to the source screening operation.
SCREENING OPERATIONS
6-7. Like all intelligence operations, human source screening operations are
focused on certain targets. Although the exact target population group will
depend on the requirements of the theater of operations, the target focus of
source screening operations is best described as the permanent and
transitory population in the AO. This definition includes local indigenous
populations, refugees, and travelers in the area, and detainees (including
EPWs). Specifically excluded from this definition are members of the HN
forces (military and paramilitary), members of allied forces, and members of
HN government agencies who are available to US forces through liaison
operations. Other personnel not indigenous to the AO (such as legitimate
NGOs, humanitarian organizations, UN personnel) are available to US forces
for voluntary debriefing and should be excluded from screening operations.
6-8. Screening operations may be conducted in a variety of situations and are
dependent on the operational situation and the population. Although every
source screening operation has the same basic purpose, each can be directed
against different segments of the population in different locations throughout
6-2
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
the AO. In order to accommodate the differences in the screening audience
and location, different types of source screening operations are employed.
• Tactical Screening. Tactical screening is conducted in support of
combat or contingency operations. It can include the screening of
EPWs or detainees at the point of capture, the screening of refugees, or
the screening of local civilians in cordon and search. At the tactical
level, there is no time for elaborate approach techniques so the degree
of cooperation becomes a prime concern. Tactical area screening is
characterized by rapidly changing requirements, the need to evacuate
noncombatants and detainees to a secure area, and the need to collect
priority tactical information while operations are in progress. Although
the most lucrative type of source is often the detainee, all available
sources should be screened for priority tactical information. In tactical
screening, the HUMINT collector normally accompanies the maneuver
force (OPCON or DS). If the HUMINT collector establishes that the
source has information of value during screening, he immediately
questions the source. Information collected is passed to the maneuver
commander, normally via SALUTE reports. The HUMINT collector
may recommend to the commander that individual sources be further
detained for additional questioning. Screening must be done accurately
in order that a commander can make a decision to detain or release
possibly hostile personnel, based on the recommendation of a HUMINT
collector.
• Checkpoint Screening. Checkpoints are often established to screen the
local populations as they transit through and within the AO or to
screen large numbers of individuals such as refugees or DPs as they
enter the AO. Screening checkpoints can be static or mobile. HUMINT
collectors must pay particular attention to refugees leaving the area
ahead of friendly forces (AO or AOI). It is likely that refugees can
provide information of tactical value more quickly and easily than
detainees. Refugees know the area and may be able to identify for the
collector anything that is out of the ordinary, such as insurgent or
terrorist activities.
• Local Population Screening. This refers to the screening of the local
population within their own neighborhoods. When HUMINT collectors
move into a new area, they must observe the local population and
determine who may be able and willing to provide the information they
have been tasked to collect. Once this determination is made, the
collectors must engage those individuals in conversation to assess their
level of knowledge.
• Collection Facility Screening. Screening is conducted as a normal part
of HUMINT collection operations at collection facilities such as theater
interrogation and debriefing facilities and refugee camps. Screening is
coordinated with the unit, normally an MP unit that is responsible for
the operation of the facility.
• Local Employee Screening. CI personnel periodically screen local
employees to determine possible security risks. Concurrently, local
employee screening may identify sources who can provide information
to answer the CCIRs. Close coordination between HUMINT and CI
collection assets is a must in local employee screening.
6 September 2006
6-3
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• Variations and Combinations. All types of screening can be adapted to
meet specific circumstances slightly different from those for which they
were designed. Additionally, it is possible to use more than one type of
screening in an operation if the specific circumstances require it.
6-9. Screening of refugees, EPWs, and other detainees normally occurs at
two locations: initially at the point where friendly forces first encounter them
and again when they arrive at the theater and other holding areas or refugee
camps. The capturing or detaining forces should enforce segregation of EPWs
from refugees and other detained civilians; they should be screened in
separate operations, one screening for EPWs and one for refugees and other
detained civilians. Depending on METT-TC factors, segregation should be
conducted as follows:
• Refugees: Refugees, even if of the same nationality as the enemy, are
not treated as enemies exclusively based on their nationality and are
not automatically subject to control measures. If refugees are
encountered on the battlefield, they are segregated from EPWs and
screened separately. They are generally not detained further unless
some additional reason requires their detention. At a refugee camp,
screening will be done in coordination with the NGO operating the
refugee camp. If there is a reason to detain refugees for further
questioning for intelligence purposes, or because they pose a security
threat, they will then be treated as a detainee. Under all
circumstances, refugees will be treated humanely. If they are
transported to an internment facility, they will be in-processed by MPs
and their Geneva Conventions status will be determined. Their status
under the Geneva Conventions will afford them certain privileges.
• EPWs: Officers are segregated from enlisted. The enlisted are divided
into NCOs and lower enlisted. Males are segregated from females. This
segregation facilitates rapid screening for EPWs who may have
information to answer PIRs and IRs as well as prohibits officers from
influencing enlisted personnel to resist questioning.
• Other Detainees: Civilians should be screened separately from EPWs.
As with refugees, if there is a reason to detain civilians for further
questioning for intelligence purposes, or because they pose a security
threat, they will then be treated as a detainee. Whether or not civilian
detainees are released or detained further, screeners should ensure
that the civilian detainees are treated humanely. If the civilian
detainees are transported to an internment facility, they will be in-
processed by MPs and their Geneva Conventions status will be
determined. Once detainees are in-processed into an internment
facility, they are then considered to be civilian internees and their
status as such will afford them certain privileges under the Geneva
Conventions.
SCREENING AT FORWARD LOCATIONS
6-10. The initial screening and subsequent questioning should be
accomplished as far forward as is operationally expedient. If a HUMINT
collector is not available, the unit S2 must ensure initial screening and
questioning of sources are completed by qualified personnel. At this level, the
individual (military or civilian) is questioned for job, unit (if applicable),
6-4
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
mission, PIR and IR, and supporting information (JUMPS). If time allows,
the HUMINT collector may collect additional information, such as the
source’s name, to start a formal source file to preclude duplication at higher
echelons. S2s and personnel other than HUMINT collectors should not
attempt an approach at this stage.
6-11. HUMINT collectors will only use approach techniques as time and
circumstance allow. The prime requirement is to identify the individuals
with information of immediate tactical value, to collect that information
expediently, and to evacuate the source. In this case, tactical questioning is
normally integrated seamlessly into the screening process. This initial
screening can also be used to identify individuals for immediate evacuation
to a higher echelon facility for detailed questioning. Any screening reports or
information reports generated at this level must accompany the EPWs or
detainees as they are evacuated. Typically, battlefield screening reports, such
as the screening sheet shown in Figure 6-1, will be done on paper in order to
allow multiple screeners to work simultaneously. If automation support is
available for each screener, an electronic version of the screening report is
used, or the “KB Easy” (Figure 10-2), which allows the screener to easily
put screening information into a DIA report format and transmit it
electronically. (See Chapter 10 for a KB-EZ worksheet.)
6-12. US forces capturing enemy forces or detaining civilians on the
battlefield search each individual for weapons, documents, or other material
of intelligence interest. Each individual receives a Capture Tag which records
basic biographic data such as name, rank, serial number, unit of assignment
(military), location of capture, and any special circumstances concerning the
capture. (See Appendices E and F.) Each document or item removed from the
captive is also “bagged and tagged” to identify from whom it was taken. This
initial step is vital, as properly processing captives and their equipment
greatly simplifies the screening process. All documents associated with the
source and any possessions taken from him must be evacuated with the
source, but not on his person. This is to ensure that the next echelon of
screeners and interrogators will have the ability to exploit these items for
intelligence value, or to support determination of approach strategies.
SCREENING AT REFUGEE CAMPS OR DETENTION FACILITIES
6-13. When a detainee or refugee arrives at an internment facility, refugee
camp, or similar facility, a more extensive screening is conducted. The
screening sheet is used to facilitate this process. This screening is normally
done in conjunction with in-processing into the facility. During in-processing,
the MP will assign an Internment Serial Number (ISN) that is registered
with the Theater Detainee Reporting Center (TDRC). The ISN will be used to
track the detainee throughout the MP detention system. The ISN should not
be used in intelligence channels; however, HUMINT collectors should record
the ISN on the screening sheet to aid in locating the detainee again. For
intelligence reporting purposes, HUMINT collectors will assign the detainee
a source reporting number that will be used to identify the detainee and
information associated with him, regardless of whether or not the detainee is
transported to another facility. The J2 issues source reporting numbers to
HUMINT collectors through the OMT.
6 September 2006
6-5
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
MP ISN
ISN
ISN NUMBER:
EVACUATION DATE:
LNAME(P):
_________________
_
C
DATE:
__________________
__
A
__________________
__
P
LNAME(M):
_________________
_
P
TIME:
E
FNAME:
_________________
_
T
PLACE:
__________________
__
R
MNAME:
_________________
_
U
CAP U
UNIT:
__________________
__
S
R
_____________
_
O SVC/ID NO:
_________________
_
E
CIRCUMSTANCES:
N
DOB:
_________________
_
__________________
__
A
LANGUAGES: _________________
_
D
DOCUMENTS:__________________
__
L
A
MARITAL ST
STATUS:
US: M
M
S
S
W
W
D
______
__ __
__
__ __
__
T
__________________
__
A
WPNS QU
/E
IP: __________________
__
____
__ __
__
__ __
__ __
__
__ ________________
__
*** STATUS: M = Military
C = C
Civilian
P = Paramilitary ? = Other
BRANCH:: AF A
AR CG MC N
NY ___
_
PHYSICAL CO
CONDITION: SEX: M
M F
RANK:
________________
___
_
WOUNDED: Y
Y
N _____________
_
MI FULL UNIT DSG: __
________________
_
REMARKS: __
____________________
A
L
_________________________
_______
_ S ___ _
_
_ _________________________
__
I
DUTY PPSN:
PPSN:
______________
____
__
S
T
E
ME T
N AL CON
CONDITION:
A
JOB: __
____________________ __
__
__
__ __
_ S
EDUCATION =
N = _______YRS
R
STATION: __
______________________
_ S
Y
INTELLIGENCE: AVG+
G+ AVG AVG-
SKILLS: ____________ __
__
__ _______
_ M MENTAL SSTATE:________________
EXPERIENCE: _
__________
___ _
_
_ __
___
_ E
M ______________________________
__
T
JOB: __
_________________ __
_
_ _____
_
SCREENER: ___________________
C
D
DATE:_________TIME:___________
I
ORG: _
________________ _
_
_ _______
_
A
V DUTIES: __
____________ __
__
__ _______
_
COOPERATION:
N: 1(High)
gh) 22 3(Low)
T
I
____________
_____________________
_ A
KNOWLEDGE: A(High)) B
B C(Low)
L
BGW L
LIST: Y N BGW C
CODE:____
I
SKILLS: _______________________
A ______________________________
_
SOURCE CATEGORY:: A B
B
B C
C D
N
APPROACH: _____
_____________________
SPECIAL HANDLING RE
REQUIREMENT CO
CODES:______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__
P ______________________________
_
______________________________
__
I
R
______________________________
_
______________________________
__
R
E
______________________________
_
M
______________________________
__
& ______________________________
_
A
______________________________
__
______________________________
_
R
______________________________
__
I
K
______________________________
_
______________________________
__
R
S
______________________________
_
______________________________
__
Figure 6-1. Screening Sheet.
6-6
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
6-14. When a detainee is in-processed into an internment facility, MPs will
assign the detainee’s status as an EPW, retained person, protected person, or
other status under the Geneva Conventions. Figure 6-2 provides excerpts
from FMI 3-19.40 on MP internment and resettlement operations. In an
international conflict, individuals entitled to POW status (EPWs) include—
• Members of the regular armed forces.
• Other militias or volunteer corps, and organized resistance movements
of a State Party to a conflict, provided they meet each of the following
criteria:
■ Commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates.
■ Having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance.
■ Carrying arms openly.
■ Conducting operations in accordance with the law of war.
• Civilians who accompany the force.
• Crew members of the merchant marine and crews of civilian aircraft of
a State Party to the conflict, who do not benefit by more favorable
treatment under any other provisions of international law.
6-15. There are other categories specified in Article 4, GPW. Questions with
respect to an individual’s entitlement to EPW status should be directed to
your SJA.
6-16. Retained personnel (see Articles 24 and 26, GWS):
• Official medical personnel of the armed forces exclusively engaged in
the search for, or the collection, transport or treatment of wounded or
sick, or in the prevention of disease, and staff exclusively engaged in
the administration of medical units and facilities.
• Chaplains attached to the armed forces.
• Staff of National Red Cross Societies and that of other Volunteer Aid
Societies, duly recognized and authorized by their governments to
assist Medical Service personnel of their own armed forces, provided
they are exclusively engaged in the search for, or the collection,
transport or treatment of wounded or sick, or in the prevention of
disease, and provided that the staff of such societies are subject to
military laws and regulations.
6-17. Protected persons include civilians entitled to protection under the GC,
including those we retain in the course of a conflict, no matter what the
reason. A “civilian internee” is a person detained or interned in the United
States or in occupied territory for security reasons, or for protection, or
because they have committed an offense against the detaining power, and
who is entitled to “protected person” status under the GC.
6-18. The term “detainee” may also refer to enemy combatants. In general,
an enemy combatant is a person engaged in hostilities against the United
States or its coalition partners during an armed conflict. The term “enemy
combatant” includes both “lawful enemy combatants” and “unlawful enemy
combatants.”
• Lawful enemy combatants: Lawful enemy combatants, who are
entitled to protections under the Geneva Conventions, include
members of the regular armed forces of a State Party to the conflict;
6 September 2006
6-7
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
militia, volunteer corps, and organized resistance movements
belonging to a State Party to the conflict, which are under
responsible command, wear a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a
distance, carry their arms openly, and abide by the laws of war; and,
members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a
government or an authority not recognized by the detaining power.
• Unlawful enemy combatants: Unlawful enemy combatants are
persons not entitled to combatant immunity, who engage in acts
against the United States or its coalition partners in violation of the
laws and customs of war during armed conflict. For purposes of the
war on terrorism, the term “unlawful enemy combatant” is defined to
include, but is not limited to, an individual who is or was part of
supporting Taliban or al Qaida forces, or associated forces that are
engaged in hostilities against the United States or its coalition
partners.
Excerpts from FMI 3-19.40, Military Police
Internment/Resettlement Operations
ACTIVITIES
The MPs assist MI screeners by identifying captives who may have answers that
support PIR and IR. Because MPs are in constant contact with captives, they see how
certain captives respond to orders and see the types of requests they make. The MPs
ensure that searches requested by MI personnel are conducted out of sight of other
captives and that guards conduct same-gender searches.
The MI screeners examine captured documents, equipment and, in some cases,
personal papers (journals, diaries, and letters from home). They are looking for
information that identifies a captive and his organization, mission, and personal
background (family, knowledge, and experience). Knowledge of a captive’s physical
and emotional status or other information helps screeners determine his willingness
to cooperate.
LOCATION
Consider the following when planning an MI screening site:
• The site is located where screeners can observe captives as they are segregated
and processed. It is shielded from the direct view of captives and is far enough
away that captives cannot overhear screeners’ conversations.
• The site has an operation, administrative, and interrogation area. The
interrogation area accommodates an interrogator, a captive, a guard, and an
interpreter as well as furniture. Lights are available for night operations.
• Procedures are implemented to verify that sick and wounded captives have
been treated and released by authorized medical personnel.
• Guards are available and procedures are implemented for escorting captives to
the interrogation site.
• Procedures are published to inform screeners who will be moved and when
they will be moved.
• Accountability procedures are implemented and required forms are available.
Figure 6-2. MP Support to Screening.
6-8
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
6-19. It may not be immediately evident in a particular theater of operation
whether an individual is an unlawful enemy combatant or is associated with
or supporting the unlawful enemy combatants of the United States. Consult
your J/G/S2 and servicing SJA for information relevant to your theater of
operations.
6-20. All captured or detained personnel, regardless of status, shall be
treated humanely, and in accordance with the Detainee Treatment Act of
2005 and DOD Directive 2310.1E, “Department of Defense Detainee
Program”, and no person in the custody or under the control of DOD,
regardless of nationality or physical location, shall be subject to torture or
cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, in accordance with
and as defined in US law. (See Appendix A, GPW Articles 3, 4, 5, 13, and 14.)
6-21. The rights of EPWs are stated in the GPW. They include the right to
quarters, rations, clothing, hygiene and medical attention, property, and
other rights. EPWs may not renounce their rights to renounce EPW status.
(See Appendix A, GPW Article 7, Section I.)
6-22. Retained personnel must receive at least the same benefits as EPWs.
They may only be required to perform religious or medical duties, and they
may only be retained as long as required for the health and spiritual needs of
the EPWs. Retained persons must be returned to their home country when
no longer needed.
6-23. Protected persons’ rights include protection from physical or moral
coercion and from being taken hostage. Protected persons are protected from
murder, torture, corporal punishment, mutilation, medical experimentation,
and any form of brutality. Protected persons rights are limited, though.
They do not have the right to leave captivity and are not immune from
prosecution. Protected persons can be screened and identified for intelligence
purposes.
SCREENING PROCESS
6-24. At the internment facility, the screening process normally is distinct
from the questioning (interrogation or debriefing) process. Dependent on the
criticality of the information identified, the source may be questioned
immediately for relevant information but will more likely be identified for
future questioning. The screening is a more formal process in which the
screener attempts to obtain basic biographic data, areas of general
knowledge, source cooperation, and vulnerability to select approach
techniques in addition to identifying knowledge of critical intelligence tasks.
Once the screener has established the basics (source identification,
cooperation, and knowledge), he normally passes the source on to the
personnel that conduct the questioning. The screener will complete a
screening report that will be forwarded in accordance with unit SOPs (see
Chapter 10). If a detainee’s knowledge is of Joint Forces interest, a
knowledgeability brief (KB) should be written and submitted electronically.
(A short form KB worksheet is shown at Figure 10-2.) Complete guidance on
KBs is contained in DIAM 58-12 (S//NF).
6 September 2006
6-9
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
6-25. If the source freely discusses information of PIR value, the screener
normally exploits the information fully and completes a SALUTE report. (See
Appendices H and I.) If the source’s knowledge of PIR information is
extensive and he is freely giving the information, the senior screener and the
OIC or noncommissioned officer in charge (NCOIC) of the interrogation or
debriefing element are notified immediately. They decide if the screener
should continue questioning the source or if the source should be handed off
to another HUMINT collector. If source-associated documents contain PIR
information, the collector will exploit them as fully as possible and write a
SALUTE report. (See Appendix H.)
6-26. The source normally is assigned a standard screening code. The
screening code is an alphanumeric designation that reflects the level of
cooperation expected from the source and the level of knowledgeability the
source may possess. Table 6-1 shows the codes for assessing sources. Those
sources assigned to the same category are interrogated in any order deemed
appropriate by the interrogation or debriefing element.
Table 6-1. Source Screening Codes.
CODE
COOPERATION L
LEVEL
1
Responds to dir
direct que
questions.
2
Responds hesitantly to qu
to questioning.
3
Does n
not respond to q
to questioning.
KNOWLEDGEABILITY LE
LEVEL
A
Very lilikely to possess PIR in
information.
B
Might
ght have IR iinformation.
C
Does n
not appear to
to hav
have pertinent information.
6-27. Figure 6-3 shows the order in which detainees in the assessed
screening categories should be interrogated. Category 1-A sources normally
should be the first priority to be questioned. Category 1-B and 2-A would be
Priority II. Category 1-C, 2-B and 3-A would be next as Priority III sources,
with 2-C, and 3-B being in the fourth group to be interrogated. Category 3-C
sources are normally not questioned. This order ensures the highest
probability of obtaining the greatest amount of relevant information within
the available time. Screening codes may change with the echelon. The higher
the echelon, the more time is available to conduct an approach. Appendix B
discusses the reliability ratings of information obtained.
6-10
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
AM
A OUNT O
O
F
UNT O PE
P RTI
E
N
RTI ENT
EN KNOW
KNO L
W ED
E GE
GE
G
Most
st
Least
e
ast
Prior
o ity
I
I
II I
II
I I I
IV
IV
I
V
V
1-A
A
1-
1 B
B
1-C
C
N
N
I
O
T
2-A
A
2-
2 B
B
2-C
C
A
ER
OOP
3-A
A
3-B
B
3-
3 C
C
D C
E
T
EC
EXP
Least
e
ast
Figure 6-3. Interrogation Priorities by Screening Category.
SCREENING METHODOLOGIES
6-28. Depending on the specific operation or echelon, screening may be a
separate operation or may be integrated into a specific collection mission. For
example, a HUMINT collector accompanying a patrol encounters a civilian
who may have information that is relevant to collection requirements. The
HUMINT collector screens the source (that is, asks some general questions to
determine the source’s level of cooperation and knowledge). Upon receiving a
positive response, the HUMINT collector may debrief the civilian on a
specific topic or question him on areas of PIR interest. He then reverts to the
screening role to determine other relevant knowledge. If the HUMINT
collector determines through screening that the source either has no relevant
information or cannot be persuaded to cooperate within an operationally
expedient timeframe, he is not debriefed as part of the screening process. In
detainee or refugee operations, a separate element will normally conduct all
screenings. They establish a prioritized list of sources who are then
systematically questioned on specific topics by other HUMINT collectors or
other technical specialists.
6 September 2006
6-11
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
SCREENING REQUIREMENTS
6-29. In addition to potential sources, screening requires several components.
• Collection Requirements. Without a clear list of specific collection
requirements, screening becomes virtually impossible. The concept
behind screening is to rapidly identify source knowledgeability as it
relates to requirements. Screeners should obtain a copy of the
supported element's collection requirements and become familiar with
the intelligence indicators listed therein. Screeners must use their
experience and imagination to devise ways to identify EPWs and
detainees who might possess information pertinent to these indicators.
Vague requirements (such as “What is the threat doing?”) do not
provide the focus necessary to make a source selection. The HUMINT
collection element must break these SIRs into indicators if the
supported intelligence officer has not already done this. The indicators
must take into account the type of sources anticipated. For example, a
refugee probably will not know if the threat intends to defend a
particular ridgeline. However, he might know whether or not there are
threat forces on the ridge, if an improvised explosive device (IED) is
being employed on a route, if they are digging in, or if engineer type
equipment is in the area.
• Selection Criteria. After reviewing the collection requirements, the
HUMINT collection element will develop preliminary criteria to
identify the source type that will most likely have the required
information. The source type may include gender, appearance, military
rank, age, or occupation. Some of these criteria are determined by
visual observation, thereby saving time in not having to question
everyone. Other criteria such as occupation or place of residence may
require brief questions.
• Trained Screeners. Screening is possibly the most difficult HUMINT
skill. A HUMINT collector must use his experience, questioning skill,
cultural knowledge, and knowledge of human nature to decide in a
matter of minutes or possibly seconds whether limited HUMINT
collection assets and valuable time should be spent talking to an
individual based on the way he looks and the answers to a few
questions. A wrong decision will mean wasted assets and valuable
information missed.
• Language Capability and Cultural Awareness. Screening involves
more than asking a series of questions. The HUMINT collector must be
able to evaluate the answers, the specific language used, and other
clues such as body language to determine the value of an individual to
the collection effort. This requires a mature and experienced screener.
If the HUMINT collector does not possess the target language, he and
his interpreter must be able to work together quickly with mutual
trust and confidence.
• Area Conducive to Screening Operations. Effective screening
operations must allow the HUMINT collector to speak to the source
where the source is not exposed to outside influences or dangers that
may inhibit his responses. For that reason, sources should never be
screened within the sight or hearing of other potential sources.
6-12
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
HUMINT collectors can use rooms within a building, tents, or other
field-expedient methods to isolate the individual being screened.
Screening a source within view or hearing of other potential sources
may not only pose a danger to the source but also will tend to inhibit
the source from freely cooperating.
• Security. The personnel conducting the screening need to be able to
concentrate on the individual being screened. Although the collector is
ultimately responsible for his own personal security, screening is
facilitated by having dedicated personnel present (for example, MPs)
who are responsible for security. Screeners coordinate with MP or
other security personnel concerning their role in the screening process.
INITIAL DATA AND OBSERVATIONS
6-30. Screening is a filtering process whereby, under ideal circumstances, all
potential sources would be questioned to determine if they have information
of intelligence interest. In actuality this is often impossible. Screeners often
use visual and other aids to “prescreen” the sources in order to eliminate a
substantial portion of the target population before conducting detailed
screening. For example, if the HUMINT collector at a checkpoint is only
interested in information concerning a specific denied geographic area,
screeners may ask all refugees if they are from or have been in that denied
area recently. A less experienced screener could do this allowing the
experienced screener to conduct more extensive screening of the select target
audience.
6-31. If time and circumstances permit, screeners should question any
friendly personnel who have had extensive contact with the persons to be
screened. In the case of detainees, this could include holding area personnel
or personnel from the capturing unit. These personnel may be able to help
identify sources that might answer the collection requirements or who might
match a particular source profile.
6-32. Normally the screener will not have time to conduct any extended
observation of the person to be screened; however, the screener should make
a quick visual observation of the source prior to questioning him. He should
note anything in the source’s appearance and behavior that indicates he is
willing to cooperate immediately or is unlikely to cooperate. The screener
should also note any physical indicators that the source may have the type of
information or belong to a certain source profile category.
6-33. Physical indicators include overall appearance such as rank, insignia,
and condition of the uniform and type and condition of equipment for
military sources and general type and condition of dress (for example,
business suit as opposed to work clothes) for civilians. Certain physical
indicators (dress, medals such as religious medals, physical type) may be
indicators that the source belongs to a specific ethnic or religious group. The
source’s physical reactions may also indicate a willingness or lack of
willingness to cooperate. For example, does the source move forward in the
group or attempt to hide within the group; does he intentionally place
himself in the wrong segregation group; or does he show any overt signs of
nervousness, anxiety, or fright?
6 September 2006
6-13
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
6-34. The screeners will also examine all documents and possessions found
on the source (if any) and all documents pertaining to the source (if any). At
a minimum, a detainee should have a properly filled out capture tag,
which will indicate to the screener where the detainee was captured,
by which unit, and under what circumstance. (See para 6-12 and
Appendix D.) Documents such as personal letters, orders, rosters, signal
operating instructions (SOIs) and map sections can provide information that
identify the source, his organization, mission, and other personal background
information (family, knowledge, experience, education). They may in
themselves provide information, may identify a source for questioning, and
may provide information helpful in assessing a source’s susceptibility to an
approach.
6-35. Documents pertaining to the source, beginning at the point of capture
throughout the evacuation process, such as previous screening and
intelligence reports and administrative documents (such as source personnel
records prepared by the MPs) help the screener by providing information
concerning the source’s physical status, emotional status, level of knowledge,
level of experience, and other background data. Making timely use of reports
from lower echelons can be difficult for the screener, especially when dealing
with large numbers of potential sources.
SOURCE ASSESSMENT
6-36. Screeners use standard reporting formats to identify the results of
their screening (see Chapter 10). The determination must be made as to
whether the source is of any intelligence value to the HUMINT collector. The
HUMINT collector will basically place the source within one of four
categories.
• Of Immediate Intelligence Interest. This category includes personnel
who are assessed, based upon the screening process, who possess
information in response to requirements. They are interrogated or
debriefed (dependent on their status) to retrieve relevant information.
This questioning may be conducted by the same person conducting the
screening or by another HUMINT collector.
• Of Interest to Other Agencies. In most cases, the HUMINT collector
will be provided with collection requirements by other agencies or
disciplines such as TECHINT or CI. In this case the HUMINT collector
will question the source on these requirements and report the
information appropriately. However, in some instances, particularly in
the case of CI, the HUMINT collector may be given a list of topics or a
profile of personnel who are of interest to CI. The HUMINT collector
will notify the local CI representative when a person matching the “CI
profile” is identified. After the HUMINT collector has extracted any
relevant intelligence information, he will “pass” the individual off to
the CI agents. In many cases, particularly with individuals of
TECHINT or other specialized interest, the HUMINT collector will be
asked to conduct the questioning with the technical support of the
individual from the interested agency. This is coordinated through the
HUMINT collector’s OMT and the chain of command.
6-14
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
• Of Potential Interest as a Contact Source. On occasion, especially
during stability and reconstruction operations, the HUMINT collector
may identify an individual who has the potential to provide
information in the future, due to his placement or access. Although the
individual may not have information of immediate interest, the
HUMINT collector will pass his recommendation to the appropriate
office, normally the C/J/G/S2X, provided that source operations are
authorized (see Chapter 5).
• Of No Interest. This category includes sources who prove (based upon
the screening process) to be of no interest to the HUMINT collector or
other agencies. Their biographic data is recorded, but they are not
questioned further. This category will likely include the bulk of
individuals screened. Individuals who have been screened are kept
separated from those who have not yet been screened.
OTHER TYPES OF SCREENING OPERATIONS
LOCAL EMPLOYEE SCREENING
6-37. CI personnel conduct local employee screening, primarily to identify
individuals who may be a security risk. HUMINT collectors also can use local
employee screening as a means to obtain intelligence information or to
identify personnel with placement and access to answer information
requirements. Employee screening must be conducted in a secure
environment and out of the hearing and sight of other employees. Formal
written reports of the screening must be maintained.
LOCAL COMMUNITY OR AREA SCREENING
6-38. Local area screening is normally done in coordination with other
operations such as a cordon and search operation. The HUMINT collectors
accompany the forces conducting the operation and screen the general
population to identify individuals of intelligence or CI interest.
SCREENING FOR CI REQUIREMENTS
6-39. Before initiating the screening process, the HUMINT collector
establishes liaison with supporting CI agents. The CI element provides CI
requirements and provides a profile of personnel of CI interest. CI is
normally interested in personnel who––
• Have no identification documents.
• Have excessive or modified identification documents.
• Possess unexplainable large amounts of cash or valuables.
• Are illegal border-crossers.
• Attempt to avoid checkpoints.
• Are on the CI personalities list, which includes members of an
intelligence service.
• Request to see CI personnel.
• Have family in the denied area.
• Speak a different language or dialect than is spoken in the area.
6 September 2006
6-15
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
6-40. Personnel of CI interest include two general categories of people: The
first type of “person of interest” is any individual or group involved in
adversary intelligence collection operations or who is attempting to enter the
AO to conduct such operations. Examples of these individuals include but are
not limited to––
• Known or suspected members and/or supporters of foreign intelligence
and security services and known or suspected members and/or
supporters of the intelligence activities of non-state entities such as
organized crime, terrorist groups, and drug traffickers.
• Known or suspected hostile espionage agents, saboteurs, subversives,
or hostile political figures.
• Known or suspected enemy collaborators and sympathizers who may
pose a security threat to US forces.
• Personnel known to have engaged in intelligence, CI, security, police,
or political indoctrination activities.
• Known or suspected officials of enemy governments whose presence
poses a security threat to US forces.
• Political leaders known or suspected to be hostile to the military and
political objectives of the US or an allied nation.
6-41. The second type of “person of CI interest” is any individual who
possesses information concerning the identification, location, or activities of
personnel in the first category.
SCREENING FOR OTHER TECHNICAL COLLECTION REQUIREMENTS
6-42. Other technical areas such as TECHINT, SIGINT, IMINT, MASINT, or
other services need to supply the HUMINT collectors with a profile of the
individuals with whom they wish to speak. The HUMINT collectors upon
identifying such an individual will contact the requesting agency after
extracting PIR information.
6-16
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
Chapter 7
Planning and Preparation
7-1. Planning and preparation is one of the five phases of HUMINT
collection. HUMINT collection, regardless of the methodology employed,
must be a systematic, carefully prepared enterprise. The HUMINT collector
engages in general preparation throughout his career. He focuses that
preparation to a specific area of the world, specific mission, and specific
collection requirements as those become available. Finally, the HUMINT
collector focuses his planning and preparation on a specific collection effort
with a specific source.
COLLECTION OBJECTIVES
7-2. Each HUMINT collection mission is conducted for a definite purpose.
The HUMINT collector must keep this purpose firmly in mind as he proceeds
to obtain usable information to satisfy the requirements, and thus
contributes to the success of the unit's mission. The HUMINT collector must
use the objective as a basis for planning and conducting questioning. The
HUMINT collector should not concentrate on the objective to the extent he
overlooks or fails to recognize and exploit other valuable information
extracted from the source. For example, during HUMINT collection, the
HUMINT collector learns of the presence of a heretofore unknown, highly
destructive weapon. Although this information may not be in line with his
specific objective, the HUMINT collector must develop this important lead to
obtain all possible information concerning this weapon.
RESEARCH
7-3. The key to good HUMINT collection is preparation on the part of the
collector. The HUMINT collector must understand the environment and
particularly its human component, the mission of the supported unit, that
unit’s intelligence requirements, his source, and the cultural environment.
The ultimate success of a questioning session is often decided before the
HUMINT collector even meets the source.
GENERAL RESEARCH
7-4. Due to the quickly changing world circumstances, it is impossible to
conduct all the specific research required immediately prior to questioning a
source. General research should be completed before entering an AO and
continues until operation completion. Areas of research include but are not
limited to––
• OPLANs and OPORDs. The HUMINT collector must be familiar with
the unit OPLAN and that of its higher headquarters. By thoroughly
understanding the unit OPLAN and OPORD, the HUMINT collector
6 September 2006
7-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
and HUMINT commanders and leaders can anticipate collection
requirements, develop source profiles, recommend deployment
strategies, and otherwise integrate HUMINT operations into the
overall unit operation. Although the OPORD needs to be read and
understood in its entirety, certain areas are of critical importance to
the HUMINT collection effort. They include––
Task organization. This will show where HUMINT C2, staff support,
and collection assets will fit into the organizational structure.
Situation. This gives the friendly and enemy situation.
Mission. This gives the HUMINT collectors insight into how their
operations will integrate into the parent unit’s operation.
Execution. The four execution subparagraphs explain the
commander’s intent on how the mission is to be carried out:
− Subparagraph 3a (Concept of Operation) includes how sub-
ordinate units’ operations will be included in the overall plan.
− Subparagraph 3a(3) (Reconnaissance and Surveillance) details
how HUMINT collection operations will integrate into the
overall ISR plan. Additional information on ISR is found in
Annex L.
− Subparagraph 3a(4) (Intelligence), along with Annex A (Task
Organization) and Annex B (Intelligence), explains how the
Intelligence BOS will support the scheme of maneuver.
− Subparagraph 3d (Coordinating Instructions) lists the CCIRs
and initial PIRs.
• Current events. The HUMINT collector must be knowledgeable about
current events in all potential operational areas, especially those
events that indicate the populace’s feelings or intentions toward the
US. This will facilitate a better understanding of the cultural, political,
and socio-economic conditions that could influence the attitude and
behavior of a source. This knowledge can be obtained and updated
through classified periodic intelligence publications and/or military or
civilian open sources, including both print and broadcast media, CA
and PSYOP databases, and the J/G/S2 analytical elements.
• SOPs. The HUMINT collector must be familiar not only with his own
unit's SOP but also with that of any supported unit. The HUMINT
collector will be able to obtain specific information about report
numbers and formats, as well as information about distribution
channels for reports from these SOPs. The SOP will also explain unit
policy on source exploitation and evacuation procedures, logistic and
maintenance functions, and other C2 and support issues.
• Umbrella concept. The TF commander through the J/G2 and J/G2X
issues an umbrella concept for HUMINT operations. When operating
under this concept, collection parameters will be established in writing,
and it is imperative that the HUMINT collector understands his role.
Types of sources will be outlined concerning placement, motivation,
and access. The umbrella concept will also specify the types of
information against which the HUMINT collector can collect. The
umbrella concept is governed by AR 381-100 (S//NF), AR 381-172
(S//NF), DIAM 58-11 (S//NF), and DIAM 58-12 (S//NF).
7-2
6 September 2006
_______________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 5
• Legal guides, SOFAs, operations and execute orders, ROE, and other
legal and administrative requirements. The HUMINT collector must
be thoroughly familiar with all documents that may set the legal
parameters for his collection operations. These are available through
the chain of command and from the SJA office. He must know how
these requirements apply and to what type of sources each is applied.
• Collection requirements. The HUMINT collector needs not only to
know but also to understand the requirements that he will be
attempting to answer. These requirements can include CCIRs (PIRs
and IRs), essential elements of friendly information (EEFIs),
Intelligence Priorities for Strategic Planning (IPSP), specific requests
from national level consumers such as HUMINT collection
requirements (HCRs), SDRs, or even vocal orders given by the local
commander. These all will determine the objective of the questioning
plan.
• Databases. Intelligence databases can give the HUMINT collector
detailed information about the source's unit, its organization, and its
capabilities. They also have information on personalities. The
HUMINT collector will use information obtained from databases to
control the source and assess his answers for truthfulness. They will
also give the HUMINT collector ideas of other areas to research. For
example, if the threat is primarily a lightly armed insurgent force,
studying similar organizations will provide the HUMINT collector with
valuable insights into the possible methods of operation of the current
target organization.
• SITMAP and COP. The current situation, both friendly and enemy, is
vital for the movement of the HCT and for its collection operations. It
reflects enemy unit identification, disposition, and boundaries; major
roads or trails for movement of personnel, equipment, weapons; and
locations of artillery, minefields, roadblocks, entrenchments, obstacles,
staging areas, NBC contaminated areas, and ground surveillance
devices. All of this information can be used in source questioning as
control questions or in otherwise determining source veracity. The
HUMINT collector will be able to identify indicators and predict what
should be PIRs and IRs.
• INTSUM. The INTSUM provides a summary of the intelligence
situation covering a specific period as dictated by the commander. It is
already analyzed intelligence.
• Intelligence estimate. The intelligence estimate is derived from the
intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB). It is based on all
available intelligence and considers everything of operational
significance. It will help point out gaps in the intelligence database. It
is from these gaps that requirements are derived. It will provide
information on the mission, AO, weather, terrain, enemy situation,
enemy capabilities, and conclusions. It will cover all of the standard
OB topics.
• Weapons and equipment guides. Weapons and equipment guides can
assist the HUMINT collector in becoming familiar with the type of
equipment employed in the AO. Guides are available in hardcopy and
softcopy.
6 September 2006
7-3
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• Area handbooks. These handbooks provide detailed information about
a specific area of the world. They provide information on political,
economic, sociological, cultural, military, biographic, transportation,
and geographic topics. The CIA and other agencies publish area
handbooks annually. The US Department of State website also has
continuously updated information on trouble spots around the world.
• Previous HUMINT reporting. The HUMINT collector should
familiarize himself with all previous relevant reporting from the AO.
This will provide him with insight into current operations, the types of
information collected, and may help identify information gaps.
• Photographs, maps, and other geospatial products. In conducting
general research, the HUMINT collector should become familiar with
the AOs. This not only will help identify specific areas of HUMINT
collection potential but also will be invaluable in both the questioning
of specific sources and the maneuver of the HCT.
• Subject matter experts (SMEs) and technical research. Before
deploying to an AO or before supporting on a particular mission, the
HUMINT collector may identify particular areas in which he lacks
critical knowledge. For example, a HUMINT collector who has
previously been operating in an area with a conventional enemy may
be deployed to an area with an unconventional threat from irregular
forces. Also, intelligence requirements may focus on equipment that is
unfamiliar to the HUMINT collector. In order to prepare himself, the
HUMINT collector contacts SMEs or analysts or uses technical
materials to gain background information.
• Other reports. Intelligence agencies publish numerous reports and
summaries that are readily available to the HUMINT collector.
CLOSED AND OPEN-SOURCE INFORMATION (USE OF REACH)
7-5. Reach is a process by which deployed military forces rapidly access
information from, receive support from, and conduct collaboration and
information sharing with other units and organizations (deployed in theater
and from outside the theater) unconstrained by geographic proximity,
echelon, or command. Intelligence support is established based on
requirements that will help the commanders (regardless of echelon) make
decisions. Reach can be accomplished in various ways. There is no
requirement for all intelligence functional areas or echelons to use the same
approach; hence, there is no common standard for all units to use. Each
organization or section should develop its strategy on using the various
intelligence reach components. Standard enabling tools will provide for
easier access than ever before (for example, access to the INSCOM
Information Dominance Center).
7-4
6 September 2006
_______________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 5
INTELLIGENCE REACH COMPONENTS
7-6. Intelligence reach requires the G2/S2 to develop a strategy on how best
to support the unit’s mission with intelligence reach capabilities. There are
eight basic elements of the strategy:
• Push: Push occurs when the producers of intelligence or information
are knowledgeable of the customer’s requirements and are able to send
the desired intelligence to the customer without further requests. Push
is accomplished through the Joint Dissemination System (JDS) and/or
the Automated Message Handling System (AMHS).
• Pull: Pull occurs when the customer is familiar enough with existing
databases to be able to anticipate the location of the desired
information. Pull is greatly enhanced through the use of portals and
homepages with hyperlinks to the various categories of information
available to the user. This requires the establishment of such a
homepage at each echelon, thus enabling higher echelons to research
and pull from lower databases and homepages.
• Database Access: Access to local, theater, DOD, non-DOD, and
commercial databases allows analysts to leverage stored knowledge on
topics ranging from basic demographics to OB information. A validated
DIA Customer Number (acquired by the J2/G2/S2) in combination with
SIPRNET and Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System
(JWICS) connectivity establishes access to most of the databases
online.
• Integrated Broadcast Services (IBS): IBS is an integrated, interactive
dissemination system, focusing on tactical user’s information
requirements using a common message Data Element Dictionary
(DED) and J-series family of message formats. The goal of IBS is to
resolve the uncoordinated proliferation of “stovepiped” intelligence or
information broadcasts by providing the tactical commander with
integrated time-sensitive tactical information.
• Collaborative Tools: Collaborative tools are computer-based tools
(groupware) that help individuals work together and share
information. They allow for virtual on-line meetings and data sharing.
As much as possible, collaborative tools should be emplaced with all
necessary echelons and centers prior to deployment.
• Request for Information: Reach includes the ability of an intelligence
officer at any level to request information that is beyond what is
available at his location, using the Community On-Line Intelligence
System for End Users and Managers (COLISEUM) System. Once an
RFI is entered into the system every other user of that system can see
it. Hence, an echelon several echelons above the actual requester can
and often does become aware of the request and may, in fact, answer it.
Reach is also provided through INSCOM’s Information Dominance
Center and other nodes at J2 and G2.
• Leveraging Collection Management: The collection and ISR
management system is established to provide a mechanism for tasking
and managing collection assets for required information. Analysts who
are trained and familiar with the system and the various tasking
procedures can leverage the system for refined information.
6 September 2006
7-5
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• Distributed Common Ground System-Army (DCGS-A): DCGS-A is the
ISR fusion and processing system for the future, as part of the
overarching DOD-directed DCGS-A surface system family of systems.
It will bring national and joint ISR capabilities down to JTF level,
corps and division levels and BCT level to provide leaders with NRT
information and visualization of threat, weather, and terrain
information and intelligence. DCGS-A consolidates the capabilities of
the following current-force ground processing systems:
All-Source Analysis System (ASAS).
Counterintelligence and Human Intelligence (CI/HUMINT) Single-
Source Workstation.
Tactical Exploitation System (TES).
Guardrail Information Node (GRIFN).
Guardrail Common Sensor (GRCS) Intelligence Processing Facility
(IPF).
Prophet Control.
Joint STARS Common Ground Sensor (CGS).
7-7. For more information on Intelligence Reach, see FM 2-33.5/ST.
SOURCE-SPECIFIC RESEARCH
7-8. Source-specific research is done immediately prior to questioning the
source. The HUMINT collector may have to respond spontaneously in the
case of a walk-in source in tactical operations, or if the HUMINT collector
has advanced warning as in the case of a planned meeting with a source, a
long-term debriefing, or an invitational source. Areas of research include but
are not limited to––
• Screening Reports, KBs, Other Reports: Reports about the source not
only can provide specific information about the type of information the
source can provide to answer specific collection requirements but also
can give the HUMINT collector extensive background information
about the source. This background information can give clues to
information the source might possess and to possible approach
techniques. Information contained in screening reports and KBs may
provide insight into––
Geographic Area: This area may show information about the source’s
ethnic background, political affiliation, religion, and customs.
Information can be obtained from databases, locally registered vital
statistics, and residence registries.
Languages: Determining the languages and dialects spoken, written,
and understood by a source can provide valuable insights into that
source’s geographic and ethnic or tribal background, education, and
social status. This determination of languages and dialects can be
facilitated by the use of “flash cards” specific to the battlefield.
Other Reports: This can include other reports collected from this
source at other echelons or reports from other sources from the same
unit or location as the source. It can also include reports or
documents published by the ACE at your request.
7-6
6 September 2006
_______________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 5
Political Group: This area can provide information on the source’s
beliefs as well as provide information on political leaders and goals.
Additionally, political affiliation can sometimes provide information
about subversive groups and paramilitary ties. Knowing the goals of
the political organization can also assist the HUMINT collector in
choosing an approach or establishing rapport.
Religious Affiliation: The source’s religious affiliation may provide
insight into his motivation, moral strengths and weaknesses, and
other motivational factors.
Technical Field: Having knowledge about the source’s technical field
can assist the HUMINT collector in deciding upon which questions
to ask. It will also assist the HUMINT collector in verifying the
source’s truthfulness because the HUMINT collector will have an
understanding of the source’s specialty.
Employment: By researching the source’s employment history, the
HUMINT collector can discover other areas of information that the
source may be able to provide.
Education: The source’s education level and educational history can
not only give the HUMINT collector insight into the possible
information the source can provide but also provide insight into
possible approach strategies.
Social Status: Knowledge of the source’s social status may provide a
clue to a good approach strategy because the source may be
accustomed to a certain type of treatment. It may also provide a clue
to biographical information that the source may be able to provide.
Criminal Records: Criminal records may also indicate possible
approach strategies. Additionally, they may indicate which groups or
organizations the source may have knowledge about.
• Documents and Other Media Captured on or in Immediate Association
with a Detainee or Brought in by a Debriefing Source: Documents
captured with or otherwise pertaining to the source may give the
HUMINT collector information about the source, his unit, or his role
within that unit. They may answer requirements or indicate
knowledge of PIRs. Personal letters, for example, could be used during
the approach phase. If a source comes in voluntarily and provides
documents, they should be reviewed prior to debriefing the source.
• Photographs, Maps, and Other Geospatial Products: Maps and
photographs of the area about which the source is being questioned can
give the HUMINT collector an idea of where the source has been and
in what kind of terrain he operated, which might indicate knowledge or
use of certain tactics. If the HUMINT collector is not familiar with the
area the source was in, the HUMINT collector should take some time
to look over the map so he can more readily relate when the source
mentions locations or dispositions. Aerial photographs show more
detailed up-to-date information than maps. They will not normally be
as readily available as maps. Maps and other geospatial products will
also be needed for use in the map-tracking portion of an interrogation.
The HUMINT collector should work with the ACE of the supported
unit to obtain them for the AO.
6 September 2006
7-7
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• SMEs: There will be occasions when the HUMINT collector will talk to
sources about subjects of which the HUMINT collector has no
knowledge. In that case, the HUMINT collector will want to talk to
personnel who are SMEs. Depending on the depth of knowledge that
the source is expected to have and the time available to prepare, the
HUMINT collector may arrange for a technical expert to support the
questioning (see Chapter 9).
• Technical Manuals: There are various weapon and equipment
identification guides available in hardcopy, softcopy, and off the
Internet that can assist the HUMINT collector in identifying any
equipment mentioned by the source.
• Source Physical and Mental Condition: HUMINT collectors should
observe the source prior to questioning if possible and also talk to
anyone available who has relevant information concerning the source.
MP guards can be an especially valuable source of information based
on source observation and should be debriefed periodically. This can
prevent surprises at the onset of the questioning session and can help
the HUMINT collector assess the source’s physical and mental
condition as well as provide insights to possible approaches.
• Databases: Collectors should review source information and reports
contained in the various databases available to them. The CHATS
system, BAT database, and other databases can provide collectors with
source information and previous reporting.
HUMINT COLLECTION PLAN
7-9. After conducting appropriate research, the HUMINT collector working
with an analyst, if available, develops a source-based collection plan. This is
geared to the specific source that is going to be questioned. The amount of
time spent in preparing this plan depends on the operational circumstances.
This may range from a quick mental review by an experienced HUMINT
collector in a tactical environment to a formal written plan submitted by a
subordinate to a team leader. The source collection plan will vary from source
to source. It will also vary with the conditions under which the source is
questioned. It serves as a checklist to ensure that all steps necessary to
prepare for questioning are conducted. Whether written or oral, the
HUMINT collection plan should contain at least the following items:
• HUMINT collection requirements.
• Serial number of EPW/detainee to be questioned.
• Location and time for the questioning.
• Primary and alternate approaches.
• Questioning plan including topics to be covered and the planned
sequence of these topics.
• Prepared questions for unfamiliar or highly technical topics.
• Method of recording and reporting information obtained.
7-8
6 September 2006
_______________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 5
OBJECTIVE
7-10. The HUMINT collector will first determine the objective of his
questioning. The objective is the set of collection requirements that the
HUMINT collector will attempt to satisfy during the questioning session. A
number of circumstances including the intelligence requirements, the time
available, and the source will set the objective. Determining the objective
consists of three parts:
• Identify the intelligence requirements. The primary objective of any
questioning session is to answer or confirm PIR or other collection
requirements.
• Identify the subject: The HUMINT collector will want to consider the
source; for example, who he is, what he may know. The HUMINT
collector will also want to consider the legal and other restrictions
based on the type of source (contact source, EPW, refugee, strategic).
For a military source (EPW) this includes rank, position specialty, and
unit of assignment. For a civilian source it includes job, placement and
access, associations, area of residence, and employment.
• Identify the intelligence requirements that the source may be able to
answer. The HUMINT collector cannot normally waste time “fishing”
for information. He must determine based on screening, what
collection requirements the source can answer. The HUMINT collector
compares the information that he gathered through his general and
source-specific research and compares it to his list of collection
requirements. He compares that list to the identity of the source and
refines the list including all requirements that the source can be
expected to be able to answer. The HUMINT collector will approach
those areas first while staying aware of leads into other collection
topics.
LOCATION
7-11. In most cases, the location for the questioning will be determined by
operational requirements. However, the HUMINT collector should ensure
some basic requirements are met:
• Each questioning session should be conducted outside the hearing and
view of third parties. Even in the case of a source meeting in a public
place, the HUMINT collector should choose a location where they
cannot be overheard and where their meeting will not arouse
suspicion.
• The location should be in a place that has reasonable security for the
HUMINT collector and the source. In contact operations, the risk
cannot always be eliminated but the acceptable risk levels should be
based on the expected intelligence gain. In combat operations, most
questioning (interrogation, debriefing of civilians on the battlefield)
will take place in forward combat areas, but it cannot be done if it
increases the risk to the source. Safe evacuation of the sources has
priority over questioning.
• The location should provide ready access to the chosen method of
recording and reporting the information.
6 September 2006
7-9
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
7-12. When conducting military source operations, the location of the
questioning will have psychological effects on the source. The questioning
location should be chosen and set up to correspond to the effect that the
HUMINT collector wants to project and his planned approach techniques.
For example, meeting in a social type situation such as a restaurant may
place the source at ease. Meeting in an apartment projects informality while
meeting in an office projects more formality. Meeting at the source’s home
normally places him at a psychological advantage, while meeting in the
HUMINT collector’s work area gives the collector a psychological edge. The
HUMINT collector should consider the status and level of the source,
security, the workspace available, furnishings, the amount of lighting
provided, and the ability to heat or cool the room as needed.
TIME
7-13. Time to conduct questioning should be estimated based on the source,
the type of information that the HUMINT collector expects to get, and the
complexity of that information. Other considerations include expected
evacuation times for sources in tactical situations, the number of other
sources that need to be spoken to; and in contact operations, the estimated
time that the HUMINT collector can meet with the source without increasing
the risk.
7-14. The HUMINT collector must also consider the physical conditions of
the source and himself. After extended operations, there may be a limit on
how long either the HUMINT collector or source can concentrate on a given
subject. Even if the HUMINT collector has an unlimited time period (such as
at a joint interrogation and debriefing facility), he must break his
questioning down into topical sessions to maximize effectiveness. Time is
only an estimate and should be modified based on the circumstances. It may
be extended, for example, if the source has a greater than expected amount of
information, or critical information in unforeseen areas. The time may be
curtailed if the HUMINT collector has met his requirements, the source does
not possess the expected information, or a more valuable source is identified.
PRIMARY AND ALTERNATE APPROACHES
7-15. In most circumstances, if the HUMINT collector is meeting with the
source for the first time, he should select at least two alternate approaches to
use if the direct approach is unsuccessful (see Chapter 8). These approaches
need to be based on the HUMINT collector's source-specific research, his
general area research, knowledge of the current situation, and knowledge of
human nature. There are four primary factors that must be considered when
selecting tentative approaches:
• The source's mental and physical state. Is the source injured, angry,
crying, arrogant, cocky, or frightened?
• The source's background. What is the source's age and level of military
or civilian experience? Consider cultural, ethnic, and religious factors.
• The objective of the HUMINT collection. How valuable is the source’s
potential information? Is it beneficial to spend more effort convincing
this source to talk?
7-10
6 September 2006
_______________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 5
• The HUMINT collector himself. What abilities does he have that can
be brought into play? What weaknesses does he have that may
interfere with the HUMINT collection? Are there social or ethnic
barriers to communication? Can his personality adapt to the
personality of the source?
7-16. If the HUMINT collector has a screening sheet or KB, he can use it to
help select his approaches. After reviewing the information, the HUMINT
collector will analyze the information for indicators of psychological and/or
physical weakness that would make a source susceptible to a specific
approach. The HUMINT collector also needs to consider his particular
strengths and weaknesses in conducting specific approaches. He must
consider what immediate incentives he may possibly need and ensure that
they are available. Also, if incentives had been previously offered or
promised, the collector needs to know if they were in fact provided. If the
HUMINT collector has previously questioned the source, he must evaluate
the approaches he used and decide if they need to be modified or if additional
approach techniques will be needed (see Chapter 8.)
ADDITIONAL SUPPORT REQUIRED
7-17. The HUMINT collector must decide if he will need technical support to
include interpreter support.
• Technical support. The HUMINT collector must decide if he will need
additional support including analytical, technical, or interpreter
support.
• Analytical or technical support. The HUMINT collector must decide if
he has the analytical or technical capability to question a specific
source. If not, he must decide what degree of support from advice to
participation is required of the analyst or technical expert. Any request
for analytical or technical support must be coordinated with the 2X. On
rare occasions, it may be desirable for the HUMINT collector to seek
polygraph support or support from a Behavioral Science Consultant
(BSC). BSCs are authorized to make psychological assessments of the
character, personality, social interactions, and other behavioral
characteristics of interrogation subjects and advise HUMINT collectors
of their assessments, as needed.
• Interpreter support. If the HUMINT collector does not speak the
needed language or does not speak the needed language well enough to
conduct questioning, an interpreter will be required. If the HUMINT
collector will need an interpreter, the HUMINT collector will also have
to consider the clearance needed to complete the questioning and the
availability of the interpreter, as well as the extra time necessary to
complete the questioning session. The HUMINT collector will also have
to brief the interpreter on the method of interpretation and the
HUMINT exploitation plan. Also, he should determine whether there
are any cultural aspects associated with the interpreter that may
enhance or detract from the success of the meet. (See Chapter 11 for
detailed information on HUMINT collection using an interpreter.)
6 September 2006
7-11
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
DEVELOP A QUESTIONING PLAN
7-18. The HUMINT collector must develop a plan that will guide his
questioning of the source. This includes general topics to be exploited and the
sequence in which they will be covered.
7-19. There are two general sequences used in questioning: topical and
chronological.
• Topical questioning is used when time is a prime concern, when the
source is believed to possess key information in a limited area, when
the questioning is concerning a technical topic, or when the source has
been talked to previously and this is a subsequent questioning to
expand on earlier topics.
• Chronological questioning normally is used when the HUMINT
collector is uncertain of the areas of source knowledge, when time is
not a factor in questioning, during initial questioning when the source
is believed to have knowledge on a large number of topics, and in
friendly force mission debriefing.
7-20. A topical sequence is an outline of topics to be questioned in a selected
sequence and is based on intelligence requirements or HCRs, as well as a
specific source’s potential to provide information pertinent to those
requirements. The plan serves as a checklist for the HUMINT collector to
ensure that all subjects pertinent to the collection objective are questioned in
an efficient and organized manner. The HUMINT collector uses his estimate
of the type and extent of knowledge possessed by the source to modify the
basic topical sequence of questioning. He selects only those topics in which he
believes the source has pertinent knowledge. In this way, the HUMINT
collector refines his element's overall objective into a set of specific HUMINT
collection subjects. In OB factors questioning in either a tactical or strategic
setting, and across the full spectrum of operations, the topics covered include
missions and the nine major OB factors:
• Composition.
• Strength.
• Dispositions.
• Tactics.
• Training.
• Combat effectiveness.
• Logistics.
• Electronic technical data.
• Miscellaneous.
7-21. See Appendix G for questioning quick reference examples of topics
covered under the nine OB factors.
7-22. In strategic and operational debriefing operations the relevant HCR or
SDR will guide the HUMINT collector. Regardless of which tasking
document is referenced, the topical sequence is established by collection
requirements, modified or sequenced, based on source knowledge and time.
7-23. The nine OB factors are not the only guideline that may be used by the
HUMINT collector. If the collection objective is something other than a
7-12
6 September 2006
_______________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 5
military unit, many of the OB factors will not fit the collection plan. A helpful
memory aid, in this case, is mission, identification, location, and organization
(MILO). MILO gives a short, easily remembered structure for questioning
nonmilitary or strategic topics. The MILO factors can be questioned in any
order, but often the most logical sequence of MILO questioning is
identification, organization, location, and mission. Many of the nine OB
factors can also fit into the MILO format.
IDENTIFY MEANS OF RECORDING AND REPORTING
7-24. The HUMINT collector will want to decide upon a means of recording
the information obtained through source questioning. If the HUMINT
collector is planning to use a sound or video recorder, he will also have to
consider the availability of the equipment and its positioning (see Chapter 9).
Along with the method of recording the information, the HUMINT collector
will have to decide on the means of reporting the information (see Chapter
10). Tapes of interrogations must be safeguarded in accordance with DOD
Regulation 5200.1-R.
FINAL PREPARATIONS
7-25. After the source-specific questioning plan is developed, the HUMINT
collector takes some final preparatory steps.
• Review plan. The HUMINT collector should always go over his
collection plan with his supervisor. This review can be written or oral.
In addition to the obvious requirements to keep the chain of command
informed, this review helps identify any weaknesses in the plan and is
a means to effect required coordination and support.
• Collect questioning support materials. The HUMINT collector will
want to collect the various references and other guides that he will use
to support his questioning. These materials may include source
documents, maps, aerial photographs, imagery, OB data, extra lights,
extra tables, drawing templates, graph paper, questioning guides,
technical reference manuals, city plans and handbooks, and recording
devices.
• Conduct required coordination. The HUMINT collector coordinates any
support requirements including analytical, technical, or interpreter
support, questioning location, ICFs, recording equipment, security, and
transportation.
• Organize. The HUMINT collector organizes his materials in a logical
manner that will complement his topical sequence. By being organized,
the HUMINT collector will not waste time trying to locate the correct
manual or guide. Additionally, the HUMINT collector will present a
professional appearance to his source.
• Reconnoiter the questioning location. If the questioning location is to
be somewhere other than the HUMINT collector's normal AO, such as
a public restaurant, the HUMINT collector should conduct an
unobtrusive reconnaissance of the site. If at all possible, this should be
at the same time and day of the week as the planned meeting. This
allows the HUMINT collector to assess the possible security problems
6 September 2006
7-13
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
of the location, judge the traffic flow, and identify any other items that
might affect the questioning. He can also judge where within the
meeting site he can set up for maximum security and psychological
advantage. He must be careful that in doing so he does not set up
patterns of operation that will increase rather than decrease security
problems.
• Set up questioning site. If the HUMINT collector has control over the
site where the collection is being conducted, the last step in preparing
is the actual setup of the questioning site. The HUMINT collector will
want to decide on the placement of the furniture and lighting and
where everyone will be seated and decide where he will place his
technical support materials.
• Question guards. If the person to be questioned is a detainee, the
HUMINT collector should arrange to question MP guards who have
been in contact with the detainee to ascertain source behavior,
attitude, and other useful information that guards may be able to
provide.
• Check with medical personnel. If the detainee was injured or ill,
ensure that he was treated by medical authorities and released for
questioning.
7-26. The supervisor reviews each plan for legal considerations, appropriate
goals in accordance with the collection objectives of the supported unit, and
makes any changes he thinks are necessary. The supervisor ensures that
contract interrogators are utilized in accordance with the scope of their
contract and current policy. (See Appendix K.) After the plan is approved, the
collection operation is executed. Prior to execution, the supervisor ensures
mission brief back, rehearsal, and pre-combat inspections are conducted.
7-14
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
Chapter 8
Approach Techniques and Termination Strategies
8-1. Regardless of the type of operation, the initial impression that the
HUMINT collector makes on the source and the approach he takes to gain
the source’s cooperation will have a lasting effect on the continuing
relationship and the degree of success in collecting information. The
approach used will vary based on the type of operation; the operational
environment; the status of the source; the personality, position, and identity
of the source; and the personality and experience level of the HUMINT
collector and the time available.
8-2. The MPs will not take any actions to set conditions for interrogations
(for example, “softening up” a detainee). Additionally, in accordance with
DOD Directive 3115.09, military working dogs, contracted dogs, or any other
dog in use by a government agency shall not be used as a part of an
interrogation approach nor to harass, intimidate, threaten, or coerce a
detainee for interrogation purposes. Leadership throughout the chain of
command is responsible to ensure that HUMINT operations are in
compliance with these governing regulations and guidelines, whether the
HUMINT collection is to take place as part of HCT operations or in an
internment facility.
8-3. The only authorized interrogation approaches and techniques are those
authorized by and listed in this manual, in accordance with the Detainee
Treatment Act of 2005. Two approaches, Mutt and Jeff and False Flag,
require approval by the first O-6 in the interrogator’s chain of command. The
restricted interrogation technique “Separation” requires COCOM commander
approval for use, and approval of each interrogation plan using “Separation”
by the first General Officer/Flag Officer (GO/FO) in the chain of command.
Coordination may also be required with the C/J/G2X, security, legal, or other
personnel. Regardless of the coordination efforts required, use of all
techniques at all locations must carefully comply with this manual and
additional instructions contained in the latest DOD and COCOM policies.
NOTE: The word “source” will be used in this chapter to mean any person who is
the objective of the HUMINT collector’s approach, and is applicable in any
collection situation unless otherwise noted in the text. This use of the term
“source” is consistent with US Army Intelligence Center HUMINT collector
training.
APPROACH PHASE
8-4. During the approach phase, the HUMINT collector establishes the
conditions of control and rapport to facilitate information collection. The
approach begins with initial contact between the source and the HUMINT
collector. Extreme care is required since the success of the collection effort
6 September 2006
8-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
hinges, to a large degree, on the early development of the source’s willingness
to communicate. Interrogators must have a deep understanding of the
cultural norms, anomalies, and emotional triggers of the person being
interrogated in order to select appropriate approach strategies and to
interrogate effectively.
8-5. The HUMINT collector's objective during this phase is to establish a
relationship with the source that results in the source providing accurate and
reliable information in response to the HUMINT collector’s questions. The
HUMINT collector adopts an appropriate persona based on his appraisal of
the source but remains alert for verbal and non-verbal clues that indicate the
need for a change in the approach techniques. The amount of time spent on
this phase will depend mostly on the probable quantity and value of
information the source possesses, the availability of other sources with
knowledge on the same topics, and available time. At the initial contact, a
businesslike relationship should be maintained. As the source assumes a
cooperative attitude, a more relaxed atmosphere may be advantageous. The
HUMINT collector must carefully determine which of the various approach
techniques to employ.
8-6. Sources will cooperate with the HUMINT collector for various reasons
ranging from patriotic duty to personal gain, such as material gifts or money.
They may also respond to emotion or logic. Regardless of the type of source
and his outward personality, every source possesses exploitable
characteristics that, if recognized by the HUMINT collector, can be used to
facilitate the collection process. These characteristics may be readily
apparent or may have to be extrapolated from the source’s speech,
mannerisms, facial expressions, physical movements, involuntary responses
(perspiration, changes in breathing, eye movement), and other overt
indications that vary from source to source. From a psychological standpoint,
the HUMINT collector must be cognizant of the following behaviors. People
tend to—
• Want to talk when they are under stress and respond to kindness and
understanding during trying circumstances. For example, enemy
soldiers who have just been captured have experienced a significant
stress-producing episode. The natural inclination is for people to want
to talk about this sort of experience. If the EPW has been properly
segregated and silenced, the HUMINT collector will be the first person
the EPW has a chance to talk to. This is a powerful tool for the
collector to use to get the subject talking. The desire to talk may also
be manifested in refugees, DPs, and even local civilians when
confronted by an unsettled situation.
• Show deference when confronted by superior authority. This is
culturally dependent but in most areas of the world people are used to
responding to questions from a variety of government and quasi-
government officials.
• Operate within a framework of personal and culturally derived values.
People tend to respond positively to individuals who display the same
value system and negatively when their core values are challenged.
• Respond to physical and, more importantly, emotional self-interest.
This may be as simple as responding to material rewards such as extra
8-2
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
food or luxury items for their personal comfort or as complex as
responding to support in rationalizing guilt.
• Fail to apply or remember lessons they may have been taught
regarding security if confronted with a disorganized or strange
situation.
• Be more willing to discuss a topic about which the HUMINT collector
demonstrates identical or related experience or knowledge.
• Appreciate flattery and exoneration from guilt.
• Attach less importance to a topic if it is treated routinely by the
HUMINT collector.
• Resent having someone or something they respect belittled, especially
by someone they dislike.
8-7. HUMINT collectors do not "run" an approach by following a set pattern
or routine. Each approach is different, but all approaches have the following
in common. They—
• Establish and maintain control over the source and collection effort.
This does not necessarily equate to physical control. Rather it means
that the HUMINT collector directs the conversation to cover the topics
that are of interest to him. This may be overt in a debriefing or an
interrogation or subtle in an elicitation. In a very basic sense, the
HUMINT collector is in control if he is asking questions and receiving
answers. If the source is asking questions, refusing to answer
questions, or directing or attempting to direct the exchange, he is
challenging for control. If the source challenges this control, the
HUMINT collector must act quickly and firmly to reestablish control.
• Establish and maintain a rapport between the HUMINT collector and
the source. Rapport is a condition established by the HUMINT
collector that is characterized by source confidence in the HUMINT
collector and a willingness to cooperate with him. This does not
necessarily equate to a friendly atmosphere. It means that a
relationship is established and maintained that facilitates the
collection of information by the HUMINT collector. The HUMINT
collector may establish a relationship as superior, equal, or even
inferior to the source. The relationship may be based on friendship,
mutual gain, or even fear.
• Identify the source’s primary emotions, values, traditions, and
characteristics and use them to gain the source’s willing cooperation.
8-8. The successful application of approach techniques, coupled with
measures to ensure source veracity, results in the source providing accurate
information in response to the HUMINT collector’s requirements. The source
may or may not be aware that he is providing the HUMINT collector with
needed information. The approach does not end when the source begins
providing information but is reinforced as necessary throughout the
questioning.
6 September 2006
8-3
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
DEVELOPING RAPPORT
8-9. The basis of rapport is source confidence in the HUMINT collector,
which leads to a willingness to cooperate. Rapport does not necessarily mean
a friendly relationship, although that may be the case. It means an
establishment of a relationship in which the HUMINT collector presents a
realistic persona designed to evoke cooperation from the source. The source
responds with relevant, truthful information. Rapport is established during
the approach and must be maintained throughout the questioning of the
source. If the HUMINT collector has established good rapport initially and
then abandons the effort, the source would rightfully begin to question the
HUMINT collector’s sincerity and may cease answering questions.
BUILDING RAPPORT
8-10. Building rapport is an integral part of the approach phase. The
establishment of rapport begins when the HUMINT collector first encounters
the source. Depending on the situation, the HUMINT collector may introduce
himself to the source. In debriefing and liaison operations, this will normally
be the collector’s true name and affiliation. In elicitation, the requirement
and type of introduction depends on the operation. In interrogation
operations, the HUMINT collector normally will not introduce himself unless
he is laying the groundwork for an approach. If he does introduce himself,
normally he will adopt a duty position and rank supportive of the approach
strategy selected during the planning and preparation phase. The HUMINT
collector must select a rank and duty position that is believable based on the
HUMINT collector’s age, appearance, and experience. A HUMINT collector
may, according to international law, use ruses of war to build rapport with
interrogation sources, and this may include posing or “passing himself off” as
someone other than a military interrogator. However, the collector must not
pose as—
• A doctor, medic, or any other type of medical personnel.
• Any member of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
or its affiliates. Such a ruse is a violation of US treaty obligations.
• A chaplain or clergyman.
• A journalist.
• A member of the US Congress.
8-11. The HUMINT collector should seek advice from his SJA concerning
representing himself as holding any other sensitive position.
8-12. A good source assessment is the basis for the approach and vital to the
success of the collection effort. The HUMINT collector continually assesses
the source to see if the approaches—and later the questioning techniques—
chosen in the planning and preparation phase will indeed work. Approaches
chosen in planning and preparation are tentative and based on the limited
information available from documents, guards, and personal observation.
This may lead the HUMINT collector to select approaches that may be totally
incorrect for obtaining this source's willing cooperation. Thus, careful
assessment of the source is critical to avoid wasting valuable time in the
approach phase. Whether the HUMINT collector is using reasoned argument
8-4
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
or emotion to get the source to cooperate, he must be convincing and
believable and appear sincere.
RAPPORT POSTURE
8-13. Unless there is rationale for acting otherwise, the HUMINT collector
will begin his interaction with the source in a businesslike manner. He will
be neither hostile nor overly friendly. Based on the tentative approaches
developed during planning and preparation and the verbal and physical clues
from the source, the HUMINT collector will modify this posture to facilitate
collection.
8-14. Based on planning and preparation, the HUMINT collector may decide
to adopt a stern posture. He presents himself as a person in a superior
position to the interrogation source and demands proper deference and
obedience by the interrogation source. In the case of an EPW this is
manifested by having the source remain at attention and address the
HUMINT collector as “Sir.” This can be effective in dealing with lower
ranking military personnel or members of oppressed ethnic, tribal, or
religious groups who are conditioned to respond to authority or civilians in
lower economic or social positions who are used to responding to directions
from various bureaucrats and civilian superiors. This posture can have
negative results since many persons in the positions mentioned above have
developed mechanisms for dealing with superiors that mostly involve giving
minimal information and agreeing with whatever the authority figure says.
8-15. In most cases, either initially or after the interrogation source has
begun answering questions, the HUMINT collector will adopt a more relaxed
or even sympathetic posture. The HUMINT collector addresses the
interrogation source in a friendly fashion, striving to put him at ease.
Regardless of the posture selected by the HUMINT collector, he must stay
detached emotionally while maintaining the appearance of total involvement
and stay within his adopted persona. The HUMINT collector must control his
temper at all times. He must not show distaste, disgust, or unease at
anything the source says unless that reaction is a planned part of the
approach strategy. He should not show surprise at anything that the
interrogation source says since it might undermine source confidence in the
HUMINT collector and their relationship.
8-16. The HUMINT collector must support his verbal approaches with
appropriate body language. Just as the HUMINT collector is observing the
source to identify non-verbal clues that support or contradict the verbal
message, the HUMINT collector is being scrutinized by the source to identify
the same clues. The techniques used in an approach are a totality of effort,
not just verbal conversation between the HUMINT collector and the source.
Body language is in many instances culturally dependent. Standing at a
given distance from an individual may be perceived as comforting in some
societies and hostile in others. The HUMINT collector must adapt his body
language to the culture in which he is working rather than expect the source
to adapt to his.
6 September 2006
8-5
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
APPROACH TECHNIQUES
8-17. The approaches listed are not guaranteed solutions for every situation.
Some individual approaches that may be suitable for one operating
environment, such as when conducting HUMINT contact operations, may be
ineffective in another, such as interrogation. Some will be successful with
one source and ineffective with another. In any case, everything the
HUMINT collector says and does must be in compliance with the applicable
law and policy under which the HUMINT collector is operating. Applicable
law and policy include US law; the law of war; relevant international law;
relevant directives including DOD Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence
Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD
Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee Program”; DOD
instructions; and military execute orders including FRAGOs.
8-18. There are 18 approach techniques that can be employed on any
detainee regardless of status or characterization, including EPWs.
Additionally, there is one restricted interrogation technique called separation
(see Appendix M). Separation cannot be employed on EPWs. With the
exception of the direct approach, which may be effective by itself, approach
techniques are used in combination with other approaches and techniques.
Transitions from one approach to another must be smooth, logical, and
convincing.
DIRECT APPROACH
8-19. (Interrogation and Other MSO) Almost all HUMINT collection begins
with the direct approach. The exception to this is during elicitation
operations that by their very nature are indirect. In using the direct
approach, the HUMINT collector asks direct questions (see Chapter 9). The
initial questions may be administrative or nonpertinent but the HUMINT
collector quickly begins asking pertinent questions. The HUMINT collector
will continue to use direct questions as long as the source is answering the
questions in a truthful manner. When the source refuses to answer, avoids
answering, or falsely answers a pertinent question, the HUMINT collector
will begin an alternate approach strategy. The fact that the source is
answering questions does not preclude the HUMINT collector from providing
an incentive to reward the source and continue his cooperation as long as
that incentive does not slow down the collection. For example, a HUMINT
collector might offer the source coffee or cigarettes to reward his cooperation.
See Chapter 9 for the use of Repeat and Control questions in detecting
deception.
8-20. Statistics from interrogation operations in World War II show that the
direct approach was effective 90 percent of the time. In Vietnam and in
Operations URGENT FURY (Grenada, 1983), JUST CAUSE (Panama, 1989),
and DESERT STORM (Kuwait and Iraq, 1991), the direct approach was 95
percent effective. The effectiveness of the direct approach in Operations
ENDURING FREEDOM (Afghanistan, 2001-2002) and IRAQI FREEDOM
(Iraq, 2003) are still being studied; however, unofficial studies indicate that
in these operations, the direct approach has been dramatically less
successful. The direct approach is frequently employed at lower echelons
when the tactical situation precludes selecting other techniques, and where
8-6
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
the EPW’s or detainee's mental state is one of confusion or extreme shock.
However, the HUMINT collector must remember that just because a source
is answering a direct question does not mean he is being truthful.
INCENTIVE APPROACH
8-21. (Interrogation and Other MSO) The incentive approach is trading
something that the source wants for information. The thing that you give up
may be a material reward, an emotional reward, or the removal of a real or
perceived negative stimulus. The exchange of the incentive may be blatant or
subtle. On one extreme, the exchange may be a formal cash payment for
information during some contact operations while on the other extreme it
may be as subtle as offering the source a cigarette. Even when the direct
approach is successful, the HUMINT collector may use incentives to enhance
rapport and to reward the source for cooperation and truthfulness. The
HUMINT collector must be extremely careful in selecting the options offered
to a detainee source. He cannot deny the detainee anything that he is
entitled to by law.
8-22. The HUMINT collector also should not offer anything that is not in his
power to give. Although this might be expedient in the short term, in the long
run it will eliminate source cooperation. When asked to provide something
beyond his authority, the HUMINT collector can agree to help, check into, or
otherwise support the request without committing himself to its successful
accomplishment. HUMINT collectors must be cautious in the use of
incentives for the following reasons:
• There is an inherent suspicion of the truthfulness of “bought”
information. Sources may manufacture information in order to receive
or maintain an incentive. Sources may also “hold back” information in
the hopes of trading it at a later date for greater incentives. They may
also hold back information if the incentive is not immediately available
or guaranteed.
• The incentive must be believable and attainable. The incentive must be
within the capability of the HUMINT collector’s assumed persona to
achieve. For example, if the detainee was captured after killing a US
soldier, an incentive of release would not be realistic or believable.
Likewise, if the interrogator is presenting himself as being a “harmless
clerk” at the detention center, it would be unrealistic to expect a
detainee to believe that a clerk could arrange to have the detainee’s
girlfriend brought to visit him. Such a visit might be possible, but the
interrogator’s assumed persona would not seemingly provide him with
the authority to make it happen.
• The HUMINT collector must provide any promised incentive. A simple
promise of an incentive may be sufficient to obtain immediate
cooperation. If, however, the HUMINT collector does not follow
through on providing the incentive, he will lose credibility and rapport
with his source. This may end the cooperation of not only that source
but also possibly any potential source who has contact with that
source.
• The HUMINT collector may not state or even imply that the basic
human rights guaranteed by applicable national and international
6 September 2006
8-7
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
laws, regulations, and agreements will be contingent on a detained
source’s cooperation. An incentive for cooperation is viable only if the
HUMINT collector has or is perceived to have the authority to
withhold the incentive if the source is not cooperative. A HUMINT
collector cannot promise an EPW that he will be treated in accordance
with the GPW if he cooperates. This statement implies that the EPW
will not be treated properly if he does not cooperate. Since the EPW
must be treated in accordance with the GPW whether he cooperates or
not, the HUMINT collector will rapidly lose credibility.
EMOTIONAL APPROACHES
8-23. (Interrogation and Other MSO) Emotional approaches are centered on
how the source views himself and his interrelationships with others. Through
source observation and initial questioning, the HUMINT collector can often
identify dominant emotions that motivate the EPW/detainee. The motivating
emotion may be greed, love, hate, revenge, or others. The emotion may be
directed inward (feelings of pride or helplessness) or outward (love of family).
The HUMINT collector employs verbal and emotional ruses in applying
pressure to the source’s dominant emotions. He then links the satisfaction of
these emotions to the source’s cooperation. Often, the presentation of like
experiences and presenting the source with an opportunity to express his
emotions is sufficient to result in cooperation. However, sometimes the
source must be presented with a specific action or tangible manifestation of
support.
8-24. Although the emotion is the key factor, an emotional approach is
normally worthless without an attached incentive. The incentive must meet
the criteria listed above for the incentive approach to ensure that the
incentive is believable and attainable. For example, this technique can be
used on the EPW/detainee who has a great love for his unit and fellow
soldiers. Simply having the source express this emotion is not enough. After
the source expresses this emotion, the HUMINT collector can take advantage
of this by telling the EPW/detainee that by providing pertinent information,
he may shorten the war or battle in progress and save many of his comrades'
lives, but his refusal to talk may cause their deaths. This gives the source the
alternatives of facing the status quo or expressing love of comrades through
cooperating with the HUMINT collector.
8-25. Religion is an especially difficult topic to use in any emotional
approach. An approach using religion may encourage the source to be further
motivated by love, remorse, futility, or even pride to cooperate with the
interrogator. On the other hand, an approach using religion may also
encourage the source to end any rapport and cooperation with the
interrogator. Although it is acceptable to use religion in all interrogation
approaches, even to express doubts about a religion, an interrogator is not
permitted to denigrate a religion’s symbols (for example, a Koran, prayer rug,
icon, or religious statue) or violate a religion’s tenets, except where
appropriate for health, safety, and security reasons. Supervisors should
carefully consider the experience level of their subordinates before permitting
the use of religion in any interrogation approach.
8-8
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
8-26. Similarly, supervisors should question the appropriateness of
demeaning any racial group, including the source’s, to elicit an emotional
response during an interrogation approach.
8-27. One common danger to the use of emotional approaches is the
development of an emotional attachment on the part of the HUMINT
collector. It is natural that a source will develop an emotional attachment to
the HUMINT collector. The HUMINT collector will often foster this
attachment. However, it is vital the HUMINT collector not develop a
corresponding emotional attachment to the source. This problem normally
develops when a HUMINT collector has contact with one source or a group of
similar sources over an extended period of time. There is transference of the
source’s problems to the HUMINT collector. For example, HUMINT
collectors working in a refugee camp frequently begin to view the welfare of
the refugees as a greater concern than HUMINT collection. The HUMINT
collector, while developing emotion within the source, must act believably but
at the same time he must remain detached. He must remember that the
emotion is a means to an end (that is, information collection). Supervisors
must carefully observe HUMINT collectors for signs of this emotional
attachment to the source and take appropriate action ranging from
counseling to reassignment.
8-28. The following are types of emotional approaches.
Emotional Love Approach
8-29. (Interrogation and Other MSO) Love in its many forms (friendship,
comradeship, patriotism, love of family) is a dominant emotion for most
people. The HUMINT collector focuses on the anxiety felt by the source about
the circumstances in which he finds himself, his isolation from those he loves,
and his feelings of helplessness. The HUMINT collector directs the love the
source feels toward the appropriate object: family, homeland, or comrades. If
the HUMINT collector can show the source what the source himself can do to
alter or improve his situation or the situation of the object of his emotion, the
approach has a chance of success.
8-30. The key to the successful use of this approach is to identify an action
that can realistically evoke this emotion (an incentive) that can be tied to a
detained source’s cooperation. For example, if the source cooperates, he can
see his family sooner, end the war, protect his comrades, help his country,
help his ethnic group. A good HUMINT collector will usually orchestrate
some futility with an emotional love approach to hasten the source's reaching
the breaking point. In other words if the source does not cooperate, these
things may never happen or be delayed in happening. Sincerity and
conviction are critical in a successful attempt at an emotional love approach
as the HUMINT collector must show genuine concern for the source, and for
the object at which the HUMINT collector is directing the source's emotion.
The emotional love approach may be used in any MSO where the source’s
state of mind indicates that the approach may be effective.
6 September 2006
8-9
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Emotional Hate Approach
8-31. (Interrogation and Other MSO) The emotional hate approach focuses
on any genuine hate, or possibly a desire for revenge, the source may feel.
The HUMINT collector must clearly identify the object of the source’s hate
and, if necessary, build on those feelings so the emotion overrides the source's
rational side. The source may have negative feelings about his country's
regime, immediate superiors, officers in general, or fellow soldiers. The
emotional hate approach may be used in any MSO where the source’s state of
mind indicates that the approach may be effective.
8-32. The emotional hate approach may be effective on members of racial or
religious minorities who have or feel that they have faced discrimination in
military and civilian life. The “hate” may be very specific. For example, a
source may have great love for his country, but may hate the regime in
control. The HUMINT collector must be sure to correctly identify the specific
object of the hate. The emotional hate approach is most effective with the
immature or timid source who may have had no opportunity up to this point
for revenge, or never had the courage to voice his feelings.
8-33. As in the emotional love approach, the key to the successful application
is the linking of the emotion with a tangible manifestation of that emotion.
The HUMINT collector must be extremely careful that he does not promise
anything that would be contrary to national or international law or US
interests or goals. For example, if an EPW feels he has been treated unfairly
in his unit, the HUMINT collector can point out that, if the source cooperates
and divulges the location of that unit, the unit can be destroyed, thus
affording the source revenge. But he cannot promise that the unit if attacked
would not be allowed to surrender or that the unit if it surrenders will be
treated badly.
8-34. The HUMINT collector must be careful that he does not assume that
casual negative comments equate to a strong hate. Many soldiers will make
negative comments against their army but will support and defend their
army against any “outsider.” The HUMINT collector should also not assume
generalities; for example, assuming that a member of an ethnic minority
hates the ethnic majority just because most ethnic minorities hate those in
the ethnic majority.
Emotional Fear-Up Approach
8-35. (Interrogation and Other MSO) Fear is another dominant emotion that
can be exploited by the HUMINT collector. In the fear-up approach, the
HUMINT collector identifies a preexisting fear or creates a fear within the
source. He then links the elimination or reduction of the fear to cooperation
on the part of the source. The HUMINT collector must be extremely careful
that he does not threaten or coerce a source. Conveying a threat may be a
violation of the UCMJ. The HUMINT collector should also be extremely
careful that he does not create so much fear that the source becomes
unresponsive. The HUMINT collector should never act as if he is out of
control or set himself up as the object or focal point of the source’s fear. If the
HUMINT collector acts in this manner, it is extremely difficult to then act as
8-10
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
the outlet for the fear. Supervisors should consider the experience level of
their subordinates before approving their use of this approach.
8-36. If there is a justifiable fear, the HUMINT collector should present it
and present a plan to mitigate it if the source cooperates (combination of
emotional and incentive approaches). For example, an EPW source says that
he will not cooperate because if he does his fellow prisoners will kill him or, if
a contact source says that if people find out he is cooperating, his family will
suffer. In these cases, the HUMINT collector can point out that the source
has already placed himself at risk and he or his family may suffer whether he
cooperates or not (justified fear). But if he cooperates, the HUMINT collector
will do his best to ensure that either no one will find out or that he will be
protected (incentive).
8-37. If there is no justified fear, the HUMINT collector can make use of non
specific fears. “You know what can happen to you here?” A fear-up approach
is normally presented in a level, unemotional tone of voice. For example, “We
have heard many allegations of atrocities committed in your area and anyone
that was involved will be severely punished” (non-specific fear). “If you
cooperate with me and answer all of my questions truthfully, I can make sure
you are not falsely accused” (incentive). The source should demonstrate some
indication of fear, whether verbal or non-verbal, prior to using this approach.
If a fear is pre-existing, the approach will work and is legal. If there is no
indication of fear, another approach should be considered.
8-38. It is often very effective to use the detainee’s own imagination against
him. The detainee can often visualize exactly what he is afraid of better than
the HUMINT collector can express it.
8-39. The “fear-up” approach is frequently used in conjunction with the
emotional love or hate approaches. For example, the HUMINT collector has
already established that a detainee source has a strong love of family but is
now separated from them. He may state, “I wonder how your family is
getting along without you?” (fear of the unknown). He then promises to allow
the detainee more than the minimum two letters a month required by the
GPW.
Emotional Fear-Down Approach
8-40. (Interrogation and Other MSO) The emotion of fear may dominate the
source to the point where he is unable to respond rationally to questioning,
especially in interrogation sources. However, the fear-down approach may be
used in any MSO where the source’s state of mind indicates that it would be
an appropriate approach to use. In the fear-down approach the HUMINT
collector mitigates existing fear in exchange for cooperation on the part of the
source. This is not normally a formal or even voiced agreement. Instead, the
HUMINT collector through verbal and physical actions calms the source.
Psychologically, the source then views the HUMINT collector as the protector
or the one who is providing the calm and wishes to help the HUMINT
collector in gratitude and in order to maintain the HUMINT collector as the
protector. When used with a soothing, calm tone of voice and appropriate
body language, a fear-down approach often creates rapport and nothing else
may be needed to get the source to cooperate. At times, however, the
6 September 2006
8-11
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
HUMINT collector must describe concrete actions that he will take in order
to remove the source’s fear.
8-41. Frequently the object of the fear is too traumatic for the source to face
directly. While calming the source, the HUMINT collector may initially ask
nonpertinent questions and avoid the subject that has caused the source's
fear. This develops rapport and establishes communication. The HUMINT
collector must remember that his goal is collecting information, not concern
with the psychological well being of the source. He will be concerned with the
latter only insofar as it helps him obtain the former. This approach technique
may backfire if allowed to go too far. After convincing the source he has
nothing to fear, the source may cease to be afraid and may feel secure enough
to resist the HUMINT collector's pertinent question.
Emotional-Pride and Ego-Up Approach
8-42. (Interrogation and Other MSO) The emotional-pride and ego-up
approach may be used in any MSO. It exploits a source's low self-esteem.
Many HUMINT sources including EPWs and other detainees, retained
persons, civilian internees, or refugees may suffer from low self-esteem and
feelings of helplessness due to their immediate circumstances. Others, such
as individuals or members of social or ethnic groups that have been
discriminated against or low-ranking members of organizations (including
the military), may also show low self-worth. In this technique, the source is
flattered into providing certain information in order to gain credit and build
his ego. The HUMINT collector must take care to use a flattering somewhat-
in-awe tone of voice, and speak highly of the source throughout this approach
while remaining believable. This should produce positive feelings on the
source's part as he receives desired recognition. The source will eventually
reveal pertinent information to solicit more favorable comments from the
HUMINT collector.
8-43. This technique can also be employed in another manner––by flattering
the source into admitting certain information in order to gain credit. For
example, while interrogating a suspected saboteur, the HUMINT collector
states: "This was a smooth operation. I have seen many previous attempts
fail. I bet you planned this. Who else but a clever person like you would have
planned it? When did you first decide to do the job?"
8-44. A variation of this approach can also be used on individuals with strong
egos. It is based on the premise that everyone likes to talk about what they
do best. The HUMINT collector shows interest in and asks the source to
explain an aspect of his job. The questioning begins with nonpertinent
aspects of the source’s job. The HUMINT collector displays interest and asks
increasingly technical and pertinent questions. For example, if the source is
an EPW who was a pilot, the HUMINT collector might begin by asking him
what it is like to fly. As the source talks about this, the collector
demonstrates interest and gradually uses questions to lead the conversation
to capabilities of specific aircraft, specific missions that the pilot has flown,
tactics, or whatever topic is a priority for collection.
8-12
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
Emotional-Pride and Ego-Down Approach
8-45. (Interrogation) The emotional-pride and ego-down approach is based on
attacking the source's ego or self-image. The source, in defending his ego,
reveals information to justify or rationalize his actions. This information may
be valuable in answering collection requirements or may give the HUMINT
collector insight into the viability of other approaches. This approach is
effective with sources who have displayed weakness or feelings of inferiority.
A real or imaginary deficiency voiced about the source, loyalty to his
organization, or any other feature can provide a basis for this technique.
8-46. The HUMINT collector accuses the source of weakness or implies he is
unable to do a certain thing. This type of source is also prone to excuses and
rationalizations, often shifting the blame to others. An example of this
technique is opening the collection effort with the question, "Why did you
surrender so easily when you could have escaped by crossing the nearby ford
in the river?" The source is likely to provide a basis for further questions or
to reveal significant information if he attempts to explain his surrender in
order to vindicate himself. He may give an answer such as, "No one could
cross the ford because it is mined."
8-47. The objective is for the HUMINT collector to use the source's sense of
pride by attacking his loyalty, intelligence, abilities, leadership qualities,
slovenly appearance, or any other perceived weakness. This will usually goad
the source into becoming defensive, and he will try to convince the HUMINT
collector he is wrong. In his attempt to redeem his pride and explain his
actions, the source may provide pertinent information. Possible targets for
the emotional-pride and ego-down approach are the source's—
• Loyalty.
• Technical competence.
• Leadership abilities.
• Soldierly qualities.
• Appearance.
8-48. There is a risk associated with this approach. If the emotional-pride
and ego-down approach fails, it is difficult for the HUMINT collector to
recover and move to another approach without losing his credibility. Also,
there is potential for application of the pride and ego approach to cross the
line into humiliating and degrading treatment of the detainee. Supervisors
should consider the experience level of their subordinates and determine
specifically how the interrogator intends to apply the approach technique
before approving the interrogation plan.
Emotional-Futility
8-49. (Interrogation and Other MSO) The emotional-futility approach is
generally used in an interrogation setting, but may also be used for other
MSO, if indicated by the source’s state of mind. In the emotional-futility
approach, the HUMINT collector convinces the source that resistance to
questioning is futile. This engenders a feeling of hopelessness and
helplessness on the part of the source. Again as with the other emotional
approaches, the HUMINT collector gives the source a “way out” of the
6 September 2006
8-13
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
helpless situation. For example “it is hopeless for your forces to continue
fighting because they can no longer get supplies, but you can help end the
war and their suffering.” When employing this technique, the HUMINT
collector must have factual information. The HUMINT collector presents
these facts in a persuasive, logical manner. He should be aware of and able to
exploit the source's psychological and moral weaknesses, as well as
weaknesses inherent in his society.
8-50. The futility approach is effective when the HUMINT collector can play
on doubts that already exist in the source's mind. Factual or seemingly
factual information must be presented in a persuasive, logical manner, and
in a matter-of-fact tone of voice. Making the situation appear hopeless allows
the source to rationalize his actions, especially if that action is cooperating
with the HUMINT collector. When employing this technique, the HUMINT
collector must not only have factual information but also be aware of and
exploit the source's psychological, moral, and sociological weaknesses.
Another way of using the futility approach is to blow things out of proportion.
If the source's unit was low on, or had exhausted, all food supplies, he can be
easily led to believe all of his forces had run out of food. If the source is
verging on cooperating, it may aid the collection effort if he is told all the
other sources have cooperated.
8-51. The futility approach must be orchestrated with other approach
techniques (for example, love of comrades). A source who may want to help
save his comrades' lives may be convinced the battlefield situation is hopeless
and they will die without his assistance. The futility approach is used to
paint a bleak picture for the prisoner, but it is not normally effective in and
of itself in gaining the source's cooperation.
Other Approaches
8-52. There are numerous other approaches but most require considerable
time and resources. Most are more appropriate for use with sources who are
detainees, but some, such as change of scenery, may have application for
elicitation or MSO.
8-53. We Know All. (Interrogation) In the “we know all” approach
technique, the HUMINT collector subtly convinces the source that his
questioning of the source is perfunctory because any information that the
source has is already known. This approach may be employed in conjunction
with the "file and dossier" technique or by itself. If used alone, the HUMINT
collector must first become thoroughly familiar with available data
concerning the source and the current situation. To begin the collection
effort, the HUMINT collector asks questions based on this known data.
8-54. When the source hesitates, refuses to answer, or provides an incorrect
or incomplete reply, the HUMINT collector provides the detailed answer
himself. The HUMINT collector may even complete a source's answer, as if
he is bored and just “going through the motions.” When the source begins to
give accurate and complete information, the HUMINT collector interjects
pertinent questions. Questions to which answers are already known are also
asked periodically to test the source's truthfulness and to maintain the
deception that the information is already known. There are some inherent
8-14
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
problems with the use of the "we know all" approach. The HUMINT collector
is required to prepare everything in detail, which is time consuming. He
must commit much of the information to memory, as working from notes may
show the limits of the information actually known. It is also only usable
when sufficient prior information exists to convince the source that “we know
all.”
8-55. File and Dossier. (Interrogation) The file and dossier approach is a
variation of the “we know all” approach. The HUMINT collector prepares a
dossier containing all available information concerning the source or his
organization. The information is carefully arranged within a file to give the
illusion that it contains more data than actually there. The file may be
padded with extra paper if necessary. Index tabs with titles such as
education, employment, criminal record, military service, and others are
particularly effective. It is also effective if the HUMINT collector is reviewing
the dossier when the source enters the room and the source is able to read his
name on the dossier and sees the numerous topics and supposed extent of the
files.
8-56. The HUMINT collector proceeds as in the “we know all” approach. He
refers to the particular labeled segment of the dossier before, during, or after
asking a question. In the early stages of questioning, the HUMINT collector
asks questions to which he has the answer. He may answer along with the
source, complete the information for the source, or even show the source
where the information is entered in the dossier. He never lets the source
physically handle the dossier. As the source becomes convinced that all the
information that he knows is contained within the dossier, the HUMINT
collector proceeds to topics on which he has no or little information. In doing
so, he still refers to the appropriate section of the dossier and may even nod
his head knowingly or tell the source that the information the source is
providing still matches what is in the dossier.
8-57. This technique has several limitations and drawbacks. The preparation
time in developing the dossier is extensive. The success of this technique is
largely dependent on the naiveté of the source, volume of data on the subject,
and skill of the HUMINT collector in convincing the source that the dossier is
more complete than it actually is. There is also the risk that a less naïve
source will refuse to cooperate, claiming that, if the collector already knows
everything, there is no need for him to talk. Also with this technique, the
HUMINT collector is limited in the method he may use to record new
information. If the HUMINT collector writes down information, it destroys
the illusion that all the information has already been obtained. The
HUMINT collector is normally limited to using electronic recording devices or
his memory. The HUMINT collector can also arrange ahead of time for
another interrogator or analyst to take notes for him, undetected by the
source. This could be especially effective in a situation where a separate
monitoring area (for oversight) is used by the analyst.
8-58. Establish Your Identity. (Interrogation) In using this approach, the
HUMINT collector insists the detained source has been correctly identified as
an infamous individual wanted by higher authorities on serious charges, and
he is not the person he purports to be. In an effort to clear himself of this
6 September 2006
8-15
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
allegation, the source makes a genuine and detailed effort to establish or
substantiate his true identity. In so doing, he may provide the HUMINT
collector with information and leads for further development. The HUMINT
collector should initially refuse to believe the source and insist he is the
individual wanted by the ambiguous higher authorities. This will force the
source to give even more detailed information in order to convince the
HUMINT collector he is who he says he is.
8-59. Repetition. (Interrogation) The repetition approach is used to induce
cooperation from a hostile source. In one variation of this approach, the
HUMINT collector listens carefully to a source's answer to a question, and
then repeats the question and answer several times. He does this with each
succeeding question until the source becomes so thoroughly bored with the
procedure, he answers questions fully and candidly to satisfy the HUMINT
collector and gain relief from the monotony of this method. The repetition
technique must be judiciously used, as it will generally be ineffective when
employed against introverted sources or those having great self-control. It
may also provide an opportunity for a source to regain his composure and
delay the collection effort. In this approach, the use of more than one
HUMINT collector or a tape recorder has proven effective.
8-60. Rapid Fire. (Interrogation) The rapid-fire approach is based upon the
principles that—
• Everyone likes to be heard when he speaks.
• It is confusing to be interrupted in mid-sentence with an unrelated
question.
8-61. This approach may be used by one, two, or more HUMINT collectors to
question the source. In employing this technique, the HUMINT collectors ask
a series of questions in such a manner that the source does not have time to
answer a question completely before the next one is asked. This confuses the
source, and he will tend to contradict himself as he has little time to
formulate his answers. The HUMINT collectors then confront the source with
the inconsistencies causing further contradictions. In many instances, the
source will begin to talk freely in an attempt to explain himself and deny the
HUMINT collector’s claims of inconsistencies. In this attempt, the source is
likely to reveal more than he intends, thus creating additional leads for
further exploitation. This approach may be orchestrated with the emotional-
pride and ego-down or fear-up approaches. Besides extensive preparation,
this approach requires experienced and competent HUMINT collectors, with
comprehensive case knowledge and fluency in the source's language.
8-62. Silent. (Interrogation) The silent approach may be successful when
used against either a nervous or confident source. When employing this
technique, the HUMINT collector says nothing to the source, but looks him
squarely in the eye, preferably with a slight smile on his face. It is important
not to look away from the source but force him to break eye contact first. The
source may become nervous, begin to shift in his chair, cross and re-cross his
legs, and look away. He may ask questions, but the HUMINT collector should
not answer until he is ready to break the silence. The source may blurt out
questions such as, "Come on now, what do you want with me?" When the
HUMINT collector is ready to break silence, he may do so with questions
8-16
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
such as, "You planned this operation for a long time, didn't you? Was it your
idea?" The HUMINT collector must be patient when using this technique. It
may appear the technique is not succeeding, but usually will when given a
reasonable chance.
8-63. Change of Scenery. (Interrogation and Other MSO) The change-of
scenery approach may be used in any type of MSO to remove the source from
an intimidating atmosphere such as an “interrogation” room type of setting
and to place him in a setting where he feels more comfortable speaking.
Bringing a source into a formal setting to conduct an interrogation or
debriefing has psychological implications. On the positive side, it places the
HUMINT collector in a superior position since he is operating on his “home
turf” and has set the conditions for the meeting. It allows the HUMINT
collector control over the immediate environment including the positioning of
the participants, to establish the desired atmosphere for the approach.
8-64. However, there are potential negative factors in the conduct of
questioning in an “Interrogation Room” environment. The source may be
intimidated and more guarded; he may consider the formal setting in terms
of an adversarial relationship; and he may limit his answers as a mode of
self-protection. In some circumstances, the HUMINT collector may be able to
invite the source to a different setting for coffee and pleasant conversation.
When removed from the formal environment, the source may experience a
feeling of leaving the interrogation behind. The perceived reduced pressure
may lower his guard and allow him to attach less significance to conversation
that occurs outside the formal setting, even though pertinent information is
still being discussed. During the conversation in this more relaxed
environment, the HUMINT collector steers the conversation to the topic of
interest. Through this somewhat indirect method, he attempts to elicit the
desired information. The source may never realize he is still being
questioned.
8-65. Mutt and Jeff. (Interrogation) The goal of this technique is to make
the source identify with one of the interrogators and thereby establish
rapport and cooperation. This technique involves a psychological ploy that
takes advantage of the natural uncertainty and guilt that a source has as a
result of being detained and questioned. Use of this technique requires two
experienced HUMINT collectors who are convincing actors. The two
HUMINT collectors will display opposing personalities and attitudes toward
the source. For example, the first HUMINT collector is very formal and
displays an unsympathetic attitude toward the source. He may, for instance,
be very strict and order the source to follow all military courtesies during
questioning. Although he conveys an unfeeling attitude, the HUMINT
collector is careful not to threaten or coerce the source. Conveying a threat of
violence is a violation of the UCMJ.
8-66. At the point when the interrogator senses the source is vulnerable, the
second HUMINT collector appears (having received his cue by a signal,
hidden from the source, or by listening and observing out of view of the
source), and scolds the first HUMINT collector for his uncaring behavior and
orders him from the room. The second HUMINT collector then apologizes to
soothe the source, perhaps offering him a beverage and a cigarette. He
6 September 2006
8-17
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
explains that the actions of the first HUMINT collector were largely the
result of an inferior intellect and lack of sensitivity. The inference is that the
second HUMINT collector and the source share a high degree of intelligence
and sensitivity.
8-67. The source is normally inclined to have a feeling of gratitude towards
the second HUMINT collector, who continues to show sympathy in an effort
to increase rapport and control for the questioning that will follow. If the
source’s cooperation begins to fade, the second HUMINT collector can hint
that he is a busy person of high rank, and therefore cannot afford to waste
time on an uncooperative source. He can broadly imply that the first
HUMINT collector might return to continue the questioning. The Mutt and
Jeff approach may be effective when orchestrated with Pride and Ego Up and
Down, Fear Up and Down, Futility, or Emotional Love or Hate.
8-68. Oversight Considerations: Planned use of the Mutt and Jeff
approach must be approved by the first O-6 in the interrogator’s chain of
command. The HUMINT collector must include as a part of the interrogation
plan—
• No violence, threats, or impermissible or unlawful physical contact.
• No threatening the removal of protections afforded by law.
• Regular monitoring of the interrogation shall be performed by
interrogation personnel.
8-69. False Flag. (Interrogation) The goal of this technique is to convince
the detainee that individuals from a country other than the United States
are interrogating him, and trick the detainee into cooperating with US forces.
For example, using an interrogator who speaks with a particular accent,
making the detainee believe that he is actually talking to representatives
from a different country, such as a country that is friendly to the detainee’s
country or organization. The False Flag approach may be effectively
orchestrated with the Fear Down approach and the Pride and Ego Up.
8-70. Oversight Considerations: The interrogation chain of command
must coordinate an interrogation plan that uses the False Flag approach
with the legal representative and the 2X, and receive approval from the first
O-6 in the interrogator’s chain of command for each specific use of the False
Flag approach.
• The use of the False Flag approach must complement the overall
interrogation strategy and other approach techniques listed in the
interrogation plan.
• When a HUMINT collector intends to pose as a national of a third-
party country, that country must be identified in the interrogation
plan.
• No implied or explicit threats that non-cooperation will result in harsh
interrogation by non-US entities.
• HUMINT collectors will not pose or portray themselves as any person
prohibited by this manual, paragraphs 8-10 and 8-11 (for example, an
ICRC representative).
8-18
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
8-71. Separation. See Appendix M, Restricted Interrogation Technique –
Separation.
Selecting an Approach
8-72. There often is insufficient information available to determine an
approach other than the direct approach. In this case where the source
answers questions but will not discuss pertinent issues, the HUMINT
collector may ask direct but nonpertinent questions to obtain sufficient
information to develop an approach strategy. This technique is also useful in
debriefing to establish rapport. Nonpertinent questions may include––
• Asking about immediate past events. This includes asking an EPW
about the circumstances of his capture or asking a refugee about the
circumstances concerning his arrival at the refugee point or
checkpoint. By doing this, the HUMINT collector can gain insight into
the source’s current state of mind and, more importantly, he can
ascertain his possible approach techniques.
• Asking background questions. This includes asking about the source's
family, work, friends, likes, and dislikes. These types of questions can
develop rapport and provide clues as to the source’s areas of knowledge
or reveal possibilities for incentives or emotional approaches.
• Considering what are culturally and socially acceptable topics of
discussion. For example, asking an Arab male about his wife could be
considered extremely rude, whereas not asking an American the same
question might be seen as insensitive.
Making Smooth Transitions
8-73. With the exception of the direct approach, no other approach is
effective by itself. HUMINT collectors use different approach techniques or
combine them into a cohesive, logical technique. Smooth transitions,
sincerity, logic, and conviction are needed to make a strategy work. HUMINT
collectors must carefully assess the source's verbal or nonverbal clues to
determine when a change in approach strategy is required. The HUMINT
collector must guide the conversation smoothly and logically, especially when
moving from one approach technique to another. Using transitional phrases
can make logical and smooth tie-ins to another approach. By using
nonpertinent questions, the HUMINT collector can move the conversation in
the desired direction and, as previously stated, sometimes can obtain leads
and hints about the source's stresses or weaknesses or other approach
strategies that may be more successful.
Recognizing Source Cooperation
8-74. Each source has a point where he will begin to cooperate and answer
questions. Some sources will begin answering questions completely and
truthfully with no preparation; others might require hours or even days of
work. The amount of time that a HUMINT collector spends on an approach
depends on a variety of factors. These include––
6 September 2006
8-19
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• The quality and criticality of the information believed to be possessed
by the source.
• The presence or absence of other sources that probably possess that
information.
• The number of HUMINT collectors and sources available.
• The LTIOV that the HUMINT collector is attempting to obtain.
8-75. The HUMINT collector needs to identify the signs that the source is
approaching or has reached the point of cooperation. For example, if during
the approach the source leans forward with his facial expression indicating
an interest in the proposal or is more hesitant in his argument, he is
probably nearing the point where he will cooperate. The HUMINT collector
must also be aware of the fact that a source can begin to cooperate in certain
areas while continuing to resist strongly in other areas. The HUMINT
collector should recognize the reason for refusal, overcome the objection, and
stress the benefit of cooperating (reinforce the approach). Once the HUMINT
collector determines the source is cooperating, he should interject pertinent
questions. If the source does not answer the question, the HUMINT collector
should continue with his approach or switch to an alternate approach
technique and continue to work until he again believes the source will
cooperate. If the source answers the pertinent question, the HUMINT
collector continues asking relevant questions until the questioning session is
completed.
8-76. If a cooperative source balks at answering a specific line of questions,
the HUMINT collector must assess the reason for the refusal. The HUMINT
collector may have arrived at a topic that the source finds particularly
sensitive. Other reasons that might cause a source to stop answering
questions are fatigue or unfamiliarity with the new topic. If this topic is
critical, the HUMINT collector may have to reinforce the previously
successful approach or may have to use a different approach.
APPROACH STRATEGIES FOR INTERROGATION
8-77. Interrogation does not mean a hostile relationship between the
HUMINT collector and the source. In fact, most interrogation sources (90
percent or more) cooperate in response to the direct approach. Unfortunately,
those sources who have the placement and access to make them high priority
sources are also the ones with the highest degree of security awareness. A
source who uses counter-interrogation techniques such as delaying, trying to
control the conversation, or interrogating the HUMINT collector himself
may––
• Be an intelligence trained soldier.
• Be survival, evasion, resistance, and escape (SERE) trained.
• Be a terrorist.
• Have been a detainee or previously incarcerated.
8-78. In stability and reconstruction operations and civil support operations,
detainees are often politically motivated and resistant to most approaches.
8-20
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
8-79. EPWs are normally vulnerable to basic incentive and emotional
approach techniques. Most EPWs are traumatized to various degrees by the
events preceding or surrounding their capture. They tend to be disoriented
and exhibit high degrees of fear and anxiety. This vulnerable state fades over
time, and it is vital for HUMINT collectors to interrogate EPWs as soon as
and as close to the point of capture as possible. The earlier that an EPW is
questioned the more likely he is to cooperate. And the earlier that he begins
to cooperate, the more likely he is to continue to cooperate. It is also vital
that the HUMINT collector be the first person that the EPW has a chance to
talk to. This means that proper silencing and segregation of the sources by
whoever is transporting them is an important part of a successful approach.
8-80. The vulnerability of civilian detainees to approach techniques available
to the HUMINT collector may be dependent on the exact nature of the
conflict. US HUMINT collectors are obligated to treat all detainees in
accordance with applicable law and policy. Applicable law and policy include
US law; the law of war; relevant international law; relevant directives
including DOD Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence Interrogations,
Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E,
“The Department of Defense Detainee Program”; DOD instructions; and
military execute orders including FRAGOs. Detainees and, in particular,
EPWs are guaranteed certain rights and privileges. The HUMINT collector
may not take any action to remove, state that he will remove, or imply that
he will remove any guaranteed right if a detainee fails to cooperate. Under
the GPW, EPWs cannot be denied their rights or their privileges accorded
them by rank as guaranteed by the GPW. Privileges afforded to them,
however, which are not guaranteed by the Geneva Conventions or other
applicable law or agreements, may be withheld. (See Appendix A, Section I.)
Consult your SJA for questions concerning rights and privileges.
8-81. The HUMINT collector is frequently under a great deal of pressure to
“produce results.” This situation, coupled with the facts that the HUMINT
collector is dealing with threat personnel who may have been attempting to
kill US personnel just minutes before questioning and the fact that the
source is in a vulnerable state, leads to a tendency to use fear-up techniques.
This may, in some circumstances, be the proper approach; however, the
HUMINT collector must ensure that in doing so he neither loses control of
his own emotions nor uses physical or mental coercion.
APPROACH STRATEGIES FOR DEBRIEFING
8-82. Sources who are debriefed vary even more widely than those who are
interrogated. Since debriefing is the systematic questioning of individuals not
in the custody of the questioning forces, the HUMINT collector needs to
engender an atmosphere of cooperation and mutual benefit. Some sources for
debriefing include members of the friendly forces and local personnel.
HUMINT collectors often believe that approach techniques are not required
for friendly forces and that friendly forces should view debriefing as part of
their duties and in their own best interest. However, this is not necessarily
the case.
6 September 2006
8-21
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
8-83. Many people see debriefing as an interruption in their normal duties
and a waste of their time. HUMINT collectors must be sure to stay focused on
the purpose and goals of the debriefing. They should be businesslike and
must maintain the proper relationship with the source based on his rank and
position. The HUMINT collector should allow senior sources more latitude to
interpose their opinions and evaluations. A change of scene often facilitates
the debriefing of a high-level source since it removes him from his normal
distractions, such as the telephone, and allows him to concentrate on the
topics being discussed.
8-84. Refugees and DPs are subject to many of the same anxieties and
trauma that are experienced by EPWs or other detainees, with the added
benefit to the HUMINT collector that they normally have an obvious vested
interest in cooperating. Basic incentives usually are sufficient to induce their
willing cooperation. The emotional support that can be provided by the
HUMINT collector by simply listening and commiserating with their
hardship is often sufficient to gain cooperation. The emotional approaches
such as love of family and hate toward those who made them refugees are
strong motivators toward cooperation.
8-85. The approach techniques used in the questioning of local civilians are
probably the most difficult. The approach techniques chosen must take into
consideration the attitude of the local population toward the US and its
presence and cultural considerations. The local population must see their
cooperation as self-beneficial.
APPROACH STRATEGIES FOR ELICITATION
8-86. Elicitation is a sophisticated technique used when conventional
collection techniques cannot be used effectively. Of all the collection methods,
this one is the least obvious. However, it is important to note that elicitation
is a planned, systematic process that requires careful preparation. It is
always applied with a specific purpose in mind. This objective is the key
factor in determining the subject (which source to question), the elicitor, and
the setting. The subject will be selected based on access to or knowledge of
the desired information.
8-87. Before approaching the subject, it is necessary to review all available
intelligence files and records, personality dossiers, and knowledge possessed
by others who have previously dealt with the subject. This will help
determine the subject’s background, motivation, emotions, and psychological
nature. It also may require unobtrusive observation of the subject to
establish such things as patterns of activity and likes and dislikes. The
setting can be any number of social or official areas. It is important to note
that the source should be approached in his natural surroundings, as this
will diminish suspicion.
8-88. The key to elicitation is the establishment of a rapport between the
elicitor and the source, normally based on shared interests. In the initial
stages of an elicitation, the collector confines his conversations to innocuous
subjects such as sports and social commentary. Dependent on the value of the
source, the collection environment, and the security consciousness of the
8-22
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
source the initial stage could last from a few minutes to numerous seemingly
accidental meetings over a period of weeks or months. The HUMINT collector
will gradually shift the conversation to topics of collection interest but will be
prepared to return to more unthreatening topics based on negative reactions
on the part of the subject. Once a topic of interest has been introduced, the
HUMINT collector keeps the conversation going by asking for clarification
(for example, “I agree, however, what did you mean by….?”) or expressing a
hypothetical situation.
8-89. There are two basic elicitation approaches: mild flattery and
provocation.
• Mild Flattery: Most people like talking about their interests and like
talking to those who are knowledgeable and interested in the same
topics. People also like to speak to someone who values their opinion on
shared interests. The HUMINT collector takes advantage of this. The
HUMINT collector leads the conversation into areas that he wishes to
collect but does it in such a way that it appears to the source that the
source is leading the conversation. Above all in elicitation, the
HUMINT collector plays the role of the rapt, attentive, and inquisitive
listener.
• Provocation: This is a more dangerous approach and, if used too early
in an operation, can alienate the source. Once the HUMINT collector
has established shared interests with the source, he can selectively
challenge some of the source’s statements, encouraging the source to
provide more information in support of his view. The HUMINT
collector can also insert bits of actual information into the conversation
to cause the source to confirm and expound on the topic. Care must be
taken so as not to give away more information than is gained.
TERMINATION PHASE
8-90. When it is necessary or prudent, the HUMINT collector will terminate
the questioning of a particular source. Whatever the reason for terminating,
the HUMINT collector must remember there is a possibility that someone
may want to question the source at a later date. There are many reasons why
a HUMINT collector may want or need to terminate questioning:
• The source remains uncooperative during the approach phase.
• The collection objective cannot be met in one questioning session.
• The HUMINT collector fails to maintain rapport and loses control of
the questioning.
• The collection objectives have been satisfied.
• The HUMINT collector or the source becomes physically or mentally
unable to continue.
• Information possessed by the source is of such value that his
immediate evacuation to the next echelon is required.
• The HUMINT collector's presence is required elsewhere.
8-91. There are many ways to conduct a termination, but the following points
must be conveyed to the source:
6 September 2006
8-23
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• The HUMINT collector should sincerely and convincingly reinforce
successful approaches. All promised incentives should be rendered.
• The source must be told the information he gave will be checked for
truthfulness and accuracy. His reaction to this statement should be
closely monitored. The exact form of this statement will be dependent
on the situation. It should not be done in a manner to alienate a
cooperative source.
• The source must be told that the same or another individual may
speak to him again. This sets the stage for future contacts.
• Any identification must be returned to the source. If the HUMINT
collector has other documents or belongings of the detainee (such as
letters or photographs), he will either return them to the detainee, if
appropriate, or will turn them over to the MP guard. Depending on the
circumstances and the legal status of the detainee, the MPs will retain
the detainee’s property and return the property to him at the end of his
internment.
• In a debriefing, the HUMINT collector will normally ask the source not
to discuss the subject of the questioning for his own protection. In
interrogation operations, the HUMINT collector normally coordinates
with the holding area guards to have the detainees who have been
interrogated kept separate from sources who have not yet been
interrogated if the situation allows.
8-24
6 September 2006
FM 2-22.3
Chapter 9
Questioning
9-1. Questioning is one of the five phases of HUMINT collection. Developing
and using good questioning techniques enable the HUMINT collector to
obtain accurate and pertinent information and to extract the maximum
amount of information in the minimum amount of time. The HUMINT
collector must know when to use different types of questions.
GENERAL QUESTIONING PRINCIPLES
9-2. Questions should be presented in a logical sequence to avoid neglecting
significant topics. The HUMINT collector begins the questioning phase with
the first topic in the sequence he tentatively established as part of his
questioning plan. He obtains all of the source's pertinent knowledge in this
topical area before moving on to the next topic in his sequence. The only
exception is exploiting a hot lead, which is discussed in paragraph 9-21.
9-3. The HUMINT collector must at all times remember that his mission is
the rapid collection and dissemination of accurate information. He must not
allow himself to be sidetracked into nonpertinent discussions or debates nor
should he express distaste or value judgments on the information being
supplied unless that is a planned part of his approach technique. The
HUMINT collector uses vocabulary that is clear, unambiguous, and
understandable by the source. The source may not be on the same
intellectual level or have the same degree of education as the HUMINT
collector, so the HUMINT collector must adapt his questioning to the level of
the source. The source may also have specific technical knowledge, more
education and/or a higher intellectual level than the HUMINT collector. In
this case, the HUMINT collector normally relies on prepared questions or
technical support for his questioning. Without good systematic questioning
techniques, even the most cooperative source may provide only minimal
usable information.
DIRECT QUESTIONS
9-4. Direct questions are basic questions normally beginning with an
interrogative (who, what, where, when, how, or why) and requiring a
narrative answer. They are brief, precise, and simply worded to avoid
confusion. The HUMINT collector must consider the probable response of the
source to a particular question or line of questioning and should not, if at all
possible, ask direct questions likely to evoke a refusal to answer or to
antagonize the source.
6 September 2006
9-1
FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
TYPES OF DIRECT QUESTIONS
9-5. The HUMINT collector must be able to use the following types of direct
questions:
• Initial, topical.
• Follow-up.
• Nonpertinent.
• Repeat.
• Control.
• Prepared.
Initial Questions
9-6. The HUMINT collector begins his questioning with the first topic in his
collection plan and asks all the basic questions necessary to cover the topic.
The answers to the basic questions will determine the requirements for
follow-up questioning. The initial questions are directed toward obtaining the
basic information on the topic. In other words, they are the “who, what,
where, when, how, and why” of each topic.
Follow-up Questions
9-7. Follow-up questions are used to expand on and complete the information
obtained from the initial questions. Often even if the initial question is a
well-constructed direct question, it will elicit only a partial answer. For
example, when asked, “Who is going to attack?” The source might say, “My
unit.” Follow-up questions are used to determine precisely what the source
means by “my unit” and what other units may also attack. The answer to
follow-up questions may lead to more follow-ups until the source’s knowledge
on a given topic is exhausted. At a minimum, upon receiving a positive
answer to an initial question, the HUMINT collector needs to ask “Who
(what, where, when, why, how) else?” For example, if the HUMINT collector
asks the source, “Who, in the local government is collaborating with the
insurgents?” and is told a name in response, he will ask follow-up questions
to determine all the required information about this individual and then will
ask, “Who else, in the local government is collaborating with the insurgents?”
This will continue until the source’s knowledge in this area is exhausted.
Nonpertinent Questions
9-8. Nonpertinent questions are questions that do not pertain to the
collection objectives. They are used to conceal the collection objectives or to
strengthen rapport with the source. They are essential when the collector is
using the elicitation technique. Nonpertinent questions may be used to gain
time for the HUMINT collector to formulate pertinent questions and may
also be used to break the source's concentration, particularly, if the HUMINT
collector suspects the source is lying. It is hard for a source to be a convincing
liar if his concentration is frequently interrupted.
9-2
6 September 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
Repeat Questions
9-9. Repeat questions ask the source for the same information obtained in
response to earlier questions. They are a method to confirm accuracy of
important detai
