MWG1 Doc. 8.3 â P. 1 MWG1 Doc. 8.3 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL ...
MWG1 Doc. 8.3
CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES
OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA
____________
First meeting of the Mahogany Working Group
Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia), 3-5 October 2001
National reports
VENEZUELA
1. Document prepared by the Management Authority of Venezuela.
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 1
THE REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA
MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y DE LOS RECURSOS NATURALES
DIRECCION GENERAL DEL RECURSO FORESTAL
MEETING OF THE MAHOGANY WORKING GROUP
Santa Cruz, Bolivia 3-5 October 2001
CONVETNION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE INENDANGERED SPECIES OF
WILD FAUNA AND FLORA (CITES)
Caracas, May 2001
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 2
CONTENTS
Page
I.
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 5
II.
BACKGROUND ................................................................................................... 5
III.
STATUS OF TRADE IN SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA .............................................. 7
IV.
FORESTED AREA ............................................................................................... 8
V.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA ............................................. 9
VI.
SUPLÍ OF RAW MATERIAL ...................................................................... 10
VII.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................ 10
VIII.
REGISTRY OF FOREST PLANTATIONS ..................................................... 10
IX.
AGREED ACTIVITIES .............................................................................. 11
X.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 11
XI.
ANNEXES ........................................................................................................ 12
Prepared by:
Ing. Ramírez S.
Edited by:
Ing. Ortegano O.
Director General del Recurso Forestal
CITES Management Authority Flora/Forest Species
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 3
I. INTRODUCTION
The forest is the most abundant and variable element in nature. It covers a large portion of the
surface of the Earth, is indispensable to the existence of man and meets a broad range of
social, environmental, cultural, spiritual and economic needs. The tropical forest ecosystem is
recognized as one of the most basic elements for maintenance of the planet’s ecological
equilibrium. It produces and maintains the largest amount of animal and plant biomass per unit
of area and contains the highest biological diversity. As a result, the forest is the most
important reservoir of genes in the world.
From the economic point of view, one of the most important tree species in the tropical forests
is mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), primarily because of its physical and mechanical
properties, which have led to its heavy exploitation and use to meet the demand of the forest
industry. As a result, steps should be taken to guarantee, develop and promote its existence in
that ecosystem. It is for this reason that the Venezuelan Ministerio del Ambiente y de los
Recursos Naturales (MARN) through the Dirección General del Recurso Forestal and the CITES
Management Authority for Flora/Forest species has prepared this background document for the
meeting of the Mahogany Working Group of the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to be held in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, from 3
to 5 October 2001. This document seeks to evaluate the soundness of the basis for listing this
species in Appendix III of the CITES Convention.
II. BACKGROUND
Two of the three species of the genus Swietenia, S. humilis and S. mahagoni, are listed in
Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES). Since the eighth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP8), in
Kyoto, Japan, in 1992, the species S. macrophyl a has been the object of repeated proposals
for listing in Appendix II, by the contracting Parties. The main principles of the Appendices are:
APPENDIX I: Shall include all species threatened with extinction which are or may be affected
by trade. Trade in specimens of these species must be subject to particularly strict regulation in
order not to endanger further their survival and must only be authorized in exceptional
circumstances.
APPENDIX II: Shall include:
a) all species which although not necessarily now threatened with extinction may become so
unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid
utilization incompatible with their survival; and
b) other species which must be subject to regulation in order that trade in specimens of
certain species referred to in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph may be brought under
effective control.
APPENDIX III: Shall include all species which any Party identifies as being subject to regulation
within its jurisdiction for the purpose of preventing or restricting exploitation, and as needing
the cooperation of other Parties in the control of trade.
The following is a brief description of the discussion of mahogany in the meetings of the
Conference of the Parties during the period 1992–2000.
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 4
Eighth meeting, Kyoto, Japan, 1992
A proposal for listing was made by the United States of America and Costa Rica, with Bolivia
as the main opponent of that proposal. The countries in the area of distribution, specifically
Panama, announced their opposition because the countries making the proposals did not
consult them. The proposal was withdrawn by the United States following heated debate
among the Parties, and Bolivia agreed to present technical studies that would confirmed the
status of its populations.
Ninth meeting, Fort Lauderdale, United States, 1994
A proposal for listing was made by the Netherlands, with Brazil as the main opponent to that
proposal. After a secret ballot, the proposal was rejected, because it did not obtain two thirds
of the votes required for approval.
Tenth meeting, Harare, Zimbabwe, 1997
A proposal for listing was made by the United States and Bolivia and was rejected for the same
reasons as at the previous meeting, with Brazil agreeing to establish internal protection
measures for the species and to study its status in the region. An informal Mahogany Working
Group was created.
Eleventh meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 2000
The Conference of the Parties adopted by consensus document Com. 11.8 officially creating
the Mahogany Working Group, in order to facilitate consultations. The United States agreed to
sponsor the activities of that group.
Currently, Bolivia, Brazil and Costa Rica have listed mahogany in CITES Appendix III. Venezuela
has not joined in listing this species because of a lack of specific internal legislation for that
species that would support the listing.
Listing of a species in Appendix III does not require a vote of the Parties, only a request to the
CITES Secretariat by a Contracting Party. Resolution Conf. 9.25 recommends that when
requesting inclusion of a species in Appendix III a Party ensure that that species is native to
that country and that national regulations are adequate to prevent or restrict exploitation and
control trade.
Several activities in relation to the species S. macrophylla, have been carried out at the regional
level:
•
First meeting of the Mahogany Working Group, convened by Brazil, with the approval of the
Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica (TCA), at Brasilia from 2 to 5 June 1998. Among the
issues discussed were a survey of mahogany in Brazil, recent legal and administrative
issues, legal aspects of forestry in Bolivia, the inexistence of species of Meliaceae in
Ecuador and Surinam, forest administration in Peru, experience in sustainable forest
management in Venezuela and implications of the regulation of trade by international
agencies.
•
Ninth meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Genetic Forest Resources, 1995. A network
for cooperation on the genetic resources of species of Meliaceae in the Neotropics was
proposed.
•
Preparatory regional meeting for the 11th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to
CITES, held in Quito, Ecuador, in 2000, with a proposal by Brazil that protection
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 5
mechanisms for this species be established. It was stated that this proposal would again be
submitted to the Conference of the Parties.
III. STATUS OF TRADE IN SWITENIA MACROPHYLLA
A report by TRAFFIC Network, presented in 1997, less than two years after the entry into
force of Appendix III for S. macrophylla, provided the following important information:
1. Several Parties to CITES involved in trade in this species, Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, the United
Kingdom and the United States of America, have taken steps to implement the listing of
S. macrophylla in Appendix III. The first three, all exporting countries, requested that CITES
certificates of origin be issued before export certificates, pointing out that the requirement
of that certificate had not interfered with other regulation of trade and did not represent
additional work for government agencies or for exporters.
2. Several other countries in the area of distribution, Belize, Mexico and Nicaragua, began
application of the requirements of Appendix III.
3. In the case of Venezuela, it was reported that the Government had “...decided to permit the
use of Customs documents as CITES certificates of origin...” The same situation occurred
in Guatemala, which held that requesting information on these documents would comply
with the CITES requirements. In this regard, the Venezuelan CITES Management Authority
for Flora/Forest species clarified the situation and now uses the CITES certificates of origin.
4. The Government of the United Kingdom began in November 1995 to request the issue of
import permits for S. macrophylla, requiring that CITES certificates of origin be presented at
the time of importation.
5. The Government of the United States verifies that imports of S. macrophylla are
accompanied by CITES certificates of origin. It seems, nonetheless, that several shipments
were accepted based solely on Customs documents.
6. Argentina, Brazil and Peru did not request presentation of CITES certificates of origin for
imports of S. macrophylla, although there are indications that this species was imported by
the three countries.
The report also mentions that implementation of CITES Appendix III seems to have been
effective with respect to trade between the key producers and consumer countries, but any
failure to implement CITES import controls for S. macrophylla would decrease the effectiveness
of Appendix III and that the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (CITES) did not specify the information that should be included on the CITES
certificates of origin and did not indicate the authority required for issuing or their period of
validity. The report claims that the Parties are free to determine the format of these certificates
and the Government agencies designated to issue them. Nonetheless, the Conference of the
Parties to CITES decided in Resolution Conf. 9.3 that only Management Authorities should be
authorized to issue these documents.
In this respect, the document presented by the CITES working group on timber-yielding species
recommended:
1. Provision of a minimum of specific information on the CITES certificates of origin, including
the CITES name and logo, the scientific name of the species, the type and quantity of the
product traded and the country of importation.
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 6
2. That the period of validity of the certificates be fixed at 12 months. It was pointed out that
although S. macrophylla was one of the few timber-yielding species traded in large volume,
Customs services and other agencies responsible for monitoring imports of timber seemed
to be unfamiliar with the CITES requirements.
The following problems were detected in trade in this species:
1. The units of measurements used to document the timber are not uniform.
2. Whether there is a need to include all natural populations of a species in Appendix III in
order to help countries to apply trade controls.
The TRAFFIC Network report recommended:
1. Taking steps to implement Appendix III.
2. Enforcement of the prohibition of unauthorized imports.
3. Application of the recommendation of Resolution Conf. 9.3.
4. Provision to the CITES Secretariat of a standard format for circulation to the Parties.
5. Assurance that inspection personnel are notified of CITES requirements.
6. Adoption of standard measures to document the volume of timber traded..
IV. FORESTED AREA
According to the Atlas Forestal de Venezuela (MAC, 1961), slightly more than half of
Venezuela is covered with some type of forest vegetation. Given the current accelerated rate of
deforestation, the Government has provided for the creation of Special Administrative Areas
(ABRAES) for the protection and conservation of forests. Currently, Venezuela has about 10
forest reserves with a total of 12 mil ion hectares and 17 national parks that add approximately
2.5 million hectares of permanent forest. In addition, a good number of smaller areas have been
declared natural monuments, wildlife reserves or related protected areas.
As is the case for most of the tropical forest, the forests in Venezuela are formed by a wide
diversity of botanical species with sometimes more than 40 species of trees in a single hectare.
In areas already being exploited, more than 2,000 species of trees have been identified,
nonetheless, only a small portion are of economic interest for the Venezuelan forest industry.
V. CHARACTERISTICS OF SWITENIA MACROPHYLLA
The genus Swietenia was established by Nikolaus Joseph Jacquin in 1760 in honour of the
famous naturalist Baron Gerard I. B. Swieten. It is in the family of Meliaceae and has three
universally recognized species: S. mahagoni (L) Jacq., S. macrophylla King and S. humilis Zucc.
Swietenia macrophylla is known by its common names in Cuba as caoba de Honduras and
caoba centroamericana; in Puerto Rico as caoba hondureña, caoba de Honduras and Honduras
mahogany; in the Virgin Islands as Central American mahogany; in Mexico as caoba, chiculte,
cóbano, venadillo, zopilote, gateado and rosadillo; in Nicaragua and Honduras as caoba; in
Guatemala as chacalte; in Venezuela as caoba, oruro and orura; in Peru as aguano; in Colombia
as caoba americana; in Bolivia as mara; in Brazil as mogno; in Guadalupe and Martinique as
acajou du Honduras and mahogany Honduras; in French Guiana as acajou d’Amérique; and in
the United States as Honduras mahogany and British Honduras mahogany. The timber of
Swietenia is known in Spanish as caoba; in English as mahogany; in French as acajou; in Italian
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 7
as mogano and acagiú; in Portuguese as mogno, acaju and anacardo da América; in Dutch as
mahok; and in German as Mahagoniholz, Acajouholz and echtes Mahagoni (Betancour, 1987).
Geographic distribution: S. macrophyl a is the species in the genus that has the broadest area
of distribution, from 20° North latitude in Mexico to 18° South latitude in Bolivia. It is found in
the forests of Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador (only in a small
area bordering Peru), Brazil and Bolivia (Lamprecht, 1989). In Venezuela, according to studies
(Veillón, 1994), S. macrophyl a is found in the dry tropical forest (Leslie Holdrige) or the
trophophyte, Summer or macrothermic transition forest (Henri Pittier) or trophophyte
macrothermic formation (Francisco Tamayo), specifically north of the Orinoco River in the llanos
and north-western Venezuela that includes the states of Anzoátegui, Apure, Barinas, Carabobo,
Cojedes, Falcón, Guárico, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Trujillo, Yaracuy and Zulia (see
illustration 1). In 1972, according to figure 1, exploitation of this species was reported primarily
in the states of Portuguesa with 12,950 cubic metres, Barinas with 4,734 cubic metres,
Cojedes with 2,696 cubic metres, Falcón with 1,141 cubic metres and Miranda with 1,309
cubic metres. It grows best in the gallery forests of the western Llanos, from the state of
Cojedes up to Barinas. It is found in smaller numbers in rain forest and virgin forest, where it
forms small areas that stand out from the rest of the vegetation (Hoyos, 1974).
Morphology: The mahogany tree grows to between 20 and 50 metres in height. It has a broad
crown, strong branches and thick foliage, with a trunk 20 to 125 centimetres in diameter,
which can exceptionally reach 2 metres, and slightly streaked brownish-grey bark. Older trees
have a buttressed base. The leaves are alternate, mostly pedicellate and paripinnate, from 25 to
45 centimetres long with 8 to 12 asymmetrical, opposite or sub-opposite rough leaflets,
pointed at the apex and rounded at the base, from 10 to 13 centimetres long. Yellowish green
flowers, in clusters in axial panicles from 10 to 25 centimetres long. Fruit is present in erect
woody capsules, 12 to 16 centimetres long and 8 to 10 centimetres in diameter, pyriform with
the widest part inserted in the stalk (Hoyos, 1974). Illustration 2 shows some of the
outstanding phenological characteristics of this species.
Scientific name:
Switenia macrophyl a G. king.
Family:
Meliaceae
Main
uses:
Fine woodworking, luxury furniture, interior decoration, lath work,
sculpture, carvings and high-quality veneer.
Physical
properties:
Density (12 per cent CH) 480 kg/m3. Basic specific weight 430 kg/m3
(average). Radial, tangential and volumetric contraction of 3.1 per cent, 4.6
per cent and 8.7 per cent, respectively. Total porosity of 60 per cent.
Saturation point of the fibres is 29 per cent.
Mechanical
properties:
Static flexibility (12 per cent CH), 860 kg/m2. Compression parallel to the
grain, 430 kg/cm2. Lateral hardness, 471 kg.
Machinability and
finish:
Easily machined and worked with an excellent finish. Medium dull effect.
Storage and
drying:
Moderate rate of drying outdoors, kiln dries well; very durable and water
resistant.
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 8
VI. SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIAL
The use or exploitation of forest products on private land and on land in the public domain
managed by the federal Government, the states or municipalities cannot take place without
prior fulfilment of the provisions of the Ley Forestal de Suelos and de Aguas and its regulations
through contracts, concessions, annual permits or ministerial decision.
In Venezuela, slightly more than 80 native forest species are exploited annually. Figure 2 lists
16 species that contribute to 58 per cent of the total production and of which the species
saman, saqui-saqui and mureillo represented 39 per cent of the national production of logs in
1999. The remaining species represent a production of less than 1 per cent, including
mahogany, which now represents 0.5 per cent. It is clear that production continues
concentrated in a small number of species, a situation that carries the risk of imminent
extinction of other forest species.
VII. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
According to figure 3, statistics show that exploitation of high-quality species (cedar and
mahogany) began in 1938. From then until 1962, its exploitation gradually decreased. Between
1962 and 1977, it decreased drastically, dropping from about 20 per cent to about 5 per cent.
As a result, during the same period the exploitation of softwoods and hardwoods increased,
primarily mijao, saqui-saqui and saman. In light of the pattern of production, we can deduce
that during the early years high-quality species represented approximately 50 per cent of the
total exploitation and now represent less than 6 per cent of that exploited.
During the period 1983–1988, the data, according to figure 4, shows that the trend of
production of high-quality species (cedar and mahogany) continued well below 5 per cent,
representing a decrease of natural populations. The exploitation of softwoods increased to an
average of 54 per cent and the hardwoods continued at approximately 42 per cent.
More recently, the data for the species Swietenia macrophylla, according to figure 5, also show
a decrease of the species range around an average for the period 1969-1976 of 18,725 cubic
metres, 1984-1998 of 9,344 cubic metres and 1990-1999 of 4,416 cubic metres. The lowest
level of production was 1,919 cubic metres of timber in 1999.
VIII.REGISTRY OF FOREST PLANTATIONS
In Venezuela, there are areas planted with the species S. macrophylla and other forest species
such as teca, melina, pardillo, cedro and apamate. According to data, figure 6, approximately
eight national forest plantation projects have been registered, with a total of 1,462 hectares in
the states of Cojedes (1,048), Mérida (17), Barinas (260) and Yaracuy (135).
IX. AGREED ACTIVITIES
Immediate Activities
•
Approval and publication of the MARN resolution to restrict exploitation of Swietenia
macrophylla.
•
Listing of the species in Appendix III of the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
•
Presentation of the project “Population Survey of Swietenia macrophyl a King in Venezuela”
in order to support obtaining international financing for a diagnosis of the status of the
population of that species in its natural environment.
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 9
Short-term activities
•
Update information using the work of FAO, especially the network for cooperation on the
genetic resources of species of Meliaceae.
•
Organize subjects for study based on fundamental research, either university thesis,
research or other work.
•
Gather accurate information regarding private forest plantations of these species in
Venezuela in order to coordinate the gathering of data and define research activities.
•
Organize a working group coordinated by MARN with the participation of the Instituto
Forestal Latinoamericano and the Universidad de los Andes and other agencies and
interested persons in order to create a specific study programme for mahogany and improve
the steps adopted by countries to reduce the risk of extinction of the species.
•
Coordinate a programme on the survey of the existence of the mahogany in natural forests
and plantations under the Proyecto Estudio Poblacional.
X. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Betancourt Barroso A.: Silvicultura Especial de Árboles Maderables Tropicales, 1.987, Editorial
Científico-Técnico, págs. 309 al 322, La habana, Cuba.
Hoyos, Jesús F.: Árboles Cultivados de Venezuela, 1.974. Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La
Salle, Monografía N° 20, págs 122 y 123, Caracas, Venezuela.
Lamprecht Hans: Silviculture in the tropics, 1.998, págs 226-268, Alemania.
Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria: Anuarios Estadísticos Años 1.957-1.989, Caracas, Venezuela.
Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales: Proyecto Estudio Poblacional de Swietenia
macrophylla King. en Venezuela, 2.001. Dirección General del Recurso Forestal, Págs. 7,
Caracas, Venezuela.
Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales: Anuario Estadístico Forestal, Año 1.998-
1.999, Dirección General del Recurso Forestal, Serie 6, Versión Preliminar, Caracas
Venezuela.
República de Venezuela: Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas
de Fauna y Flora silvestres (CITES), 1.976, Gaceta Oficial N° 1.881 Extraordinario del 10
de junio de 1.976, Caracas, Venezuela.
Veil on Jean Pierre: Especies Forestales Autóctonas de los Bosques Naturales de Venezuela,
1.994, Segunda Edición, Mérida, Venezuela.
XI. ANNEXES
Illustration 1
Geographical distribution of Swietenia macrophylla in Venezuela.
Illustration 2
Morphological characteristics of Swietenia macrophylla.
Figure 1
Production of Swietenia macrophylla by location (1972).
Figure 2
Production by species (1998-1999).
Figure 3
Exploitation of timber (1938-1977).
Figure 4
Exploitation of timber (1983-1988).
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 10
Figure 5
Exploitation of Swietenia macrophyl a (1969-1976; 1984-1987; 1990-1999).
Figure 6
Registry of forest plantations (1998-1999).
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 11
Illustration 1.
Geographical distribution of Swietenia macrophylla in Venezuela.
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 12
Illustration 2.
Morphological characteristics of Swietenia macrophylla.
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 13
Figure 1.
Production of Swietenia macrophylla)by location (1972).
STATES
PRODUCTION (m3)
DISTRITO FEDERAL
23
APURE
500
ARAGUA
178
BARINAS
4.734
CARABOBO
34
COJEDES
2.696
FALCÓN
114
LARA
3
MIRANDA
1.309
MONAGAS
1
PORTUGUESA
12.950
TACHIRA
15
YARACUY
16
ZULIA
34
SOURCE: MAC, Anuario Estadístico, 1.972
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 14
Figure 2.
Production by species (1998 - 1999)
Species
Production (m3 of.)
Per cent
Bombacopsis quinata (Saqui-saqui)
57.925,463
15,15
Erisma uncinatum (Mureillo)
45.304,217
11,85
Pithecelobium samán (Samán)
44.737,022
11,70
Pterocarpus acapulcensis (Drago)
10.126,409
2,65
Catostemma comune (Baraman)
9.515,352
2,49
Cedrela odorata (Cedro)
8.210,742
2,15
Ceiba pentandra (Ceiba)
6.973,423
1,82
Tabebuia serratifolia (Puy)
5.758,397
1,51
Anacardium excelsum (Mijao)
5.271,689
1,38
Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Caro-caro)
5.031,673
1,32
Spondias mombin (Jobo)
4.752,800
1,24
Manilkara bidentata (Purguo)
4.728,729
1,24
Brosimun alicastrum (Charo)
4.564,396
1,19
Carapa guianensis (Carapa)
4.499,027
1,18
Peltogyne porphyrocardia (Zapatero)
3.933,067
1,03
Swietenia macrophylla (Caoba)
1.919,000
0,50
Miscellaneous
159.014,288
41,60
Total
382.265,694
Source: MARN,1999. (unpublished statistical data).
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 15
Figure 3.
Exploitation of timber (1938-1977)
YEAR
HIGH-QUALITY
HARD
SOFTS
TOTAL
m3
Per cent
m3
Per cent
m3
Per cent
m3
Per cent
1938
11.107
45
4.001
16
9.632
39
24.740
100
1939
26.467
39
21.475
32
19.479
29
67.421
100
1940
16.831
45
7.603
20
13.413
35
37.847
100
1941
33.949
60
7.432
13
15.083
27
56.464
100
1942
25.503
44
10.375
18
22.482
38
58.360
100
1943
38.542
50
10.068
13
29.158
37
77.768
100
1944
42.707
47
11.840
13
35.510
40
90.057
100
1945
44.990
45
11.402
12
42.376
43
98.768
100
1946
65.923
46
17.746
12
60.981
42
144.650
100
1947
69.636
46
20.802
14
60.870
40
151.308
100
1948
67.903
44
22.436
15
62.084
41
152.423
100
1949
85.942
43
18.704
9
95.963
48
200.609
100
1950
69.918
36
25.360
13
98.253
51
193.531
100
1951
91.043
44
22.321
11
94.016
45
207.380
100
1952
75.732
40
23.723
13
89.069
47
188.524
100
1953
85.620
37
29.245
13
114.236
50
229.101
100
1954
79.798
37
28.319
13
107.845
50
215.962
100
1955
70.092
29
30.160
12
143.506
59
243.758
100
1956
59.320
28
34.746
16
120.563
56
214.629
100
1957
76.037
28
41.528
15
156.232
57
273.797
100
1958
84.494
31
33.534
13
150.703
56
268.731
100
1959
67.073
25
42.655
16
156.306
59
266.034
100
1960
64.214
23
40.346
15
171.857
62
276.417
100
1961
74.480
29
37.389
15
155.329
57
272198
100
1962
58.235
20
43.892
15
185.368
65
287.495
100
1963
44.774
14
64.876
20
210.553
66
320.203
100
1964
65.078
16
70.284
17
272.190
67
407.552
100
1965
60.898
14
71.854
16
305.763
70
438.515
100
1966
59.623
13
74.694
17
317.862
70
452.179
100
1967
56.358
13
90.921
20
300.173
67
447.452
100
1968
49.419
11
80.513
18
333.448
72
463380
100
1969
42.378
10
77.614
19
294.678
71
414.670
100
1970
31.452
7
74.486
17
331.506
76
437.444
100
1971
38.327
8
96.434
21
335.294
71
470.055
100
1972
42.224
8
108.534
19
409.696
73
560.454
100
1973
33.894
6
118.857
21
402.555
73
555.306
100
1974
29.200
6
108.572
23
344.477
71
482.249
100
1975
27.721
5
113.866
22
376.627
73
518.214
100
1976
20.351
5
83.831
23
263.479
72
367.661
100
1977
14.661
5
60.778
23
191.120
72
266559
100
Promedio
27,55
16,57
272245
SOURCEE: MAC. Anuario Estadístico de Venezuela, 1938 - 1977
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 16
Figure 4.
Exploitation of timber (1983-1988)
YEAR
HIGH-QUALITY
HARD
SOFT
TOTAL
m3
Per cent
m3
Per cent
m3
Per cent
m3
Per cent
1983
17.482
4
300.816
70
114.396
26
432.694
100
1984
17899
4
215.270
50
195.547
46
428.716
100
1985
17442
5
117.438
31
244.015
64
378.895
100
1986
15.894
4
129.286
32
256.192
64
401.372
100
1987
29.871
5
208.447
34
378.165
61
616.483
100
1988
33.953
6
199.507
32
387.857
62
621.317
100
Promedio
4,6
41,5
53,83
479.913
SOURCE: MAC. Anuario Estadístico de Venezuela, 1983 – 1988
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 17
Figure 5.
Exploitation of Swietenia macrophyl a (1969-1976; 1984-1987; 1990-1999).
Year
m3
1969
23.146
1970
18.325
1971
23.764
1972
22.607
1973
18.813
1974
15.190
1975
15.714
1976
12.221
SOURCE: MAC
Year
m3
1.984
6.414
1.985
10.059
1.986
7.856
1.987
10.786
SOURCE: MARN
Year
m3
1.990
3.283
1.991
5.650
1.992
12.375
1.993
2.380
1.994
2.579
1.995
5.302
1.996
4.452
1.997
3.617
1.998
2.603
1.999
1.919
SOURCE: MARN
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 18
Figure 6.
Registry of forest plantations (1998-1999).
Project
Area
Location
Registry
Year
(ha)
number
Plantations of teca, melina,
1048
Cojedes-Ncpio.
C.R.8-P-011
1998
caoba, pardillo, cedro and
others
Plantations of caoba and
260
Barinas-Mcpio. Ezequiel
C.R-05-P-015
1999
apamate
Zamora
Plantations of cedro, pardillo,
2
Mérida Mcpio. Tulio Febre
C.R. 12.P-18
1999
caoba and café
Cordero
Plantations of cedro, caoba,
3
Mérida Mcpio. Alberto Adriani C.R. 12.P-023 1999
apamate and pardillo
Plantations of teca, caoba,
3
Mérida Mcpio. Alberto Adriani C.R. 12.P.024 1999
cedro, partillo and melina
Plantations of cedro and caoba 9
Mérida Mcpio. Campo Elias
C.R. 12.P-029 1999
Adriani
Plantations of cedro, caoba
2
Mérida Mcpio. Ramos de Lora C.R. 12.P.031 1999
and pardillo
Plantations of caoba, teca and 135
Yaracuy Mcpio. San Javier
C.R. 20-P-032 1999
pardillo
Del Dtto. San Felipe
Source: MARN. Dirección General del Recurso Forestal, Período 1998-1999
Mcpio= Municipio; Dtto= Distrito
MWG1 Doc. 8.3 – p. 19
