978 1 58503 434 5 Autocad 2009 Tutorial: 3d Modeling
AutoCAD® 2009 Tutorial
Second Level: 3D Modeling
Randy H. Shih
Oregon Institute of Technology
SDC
PUBLICATIONS
Schroff Development Corporation
www.schroff.com
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AutoCAD® 2009 Tutorial: 3D Modeling
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Chapter 5
3D Surface Modeling
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♦ Create 3D Surface Models
♦ Understand and Apply the Different Surface
Modeling Techniques
♦
Understand the Use of the 2D SOLID
Command
♦ Understand the Use of 3D FACE Command
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♦ Use the Hidden Edge Option
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Introduction
As illustrated in the previous chapters, there are no surfaces in a wireframe model; it
consists only of points, lines and curves that describe the edges of the object. Surface
modeling was develope Material
d to provide the surface information that is missing in wireframe
modeling. Essentially, defining the skin of a design creates a surface model. Although it
is possible to create a surface model without using a wireframe model, in most cases it is
much easier to create a surface model on top of a wireframe model. In surface modeling,
a wireframe model can be used to provide information about the edges and corners so
that the desired faces can be easily positioned and placed.
Surface modeling is more sophisticated than wireframe modeling in that surface modelers
define not o
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nly the edges of 3D objects, but also the surfaces. Surface modeling provides
hiding, shading, and rendering capabilities that are not available in wireframe modeling.
Surface models do not provide the physical properties that solid models provide, such as
mass, weight, center of gravity, and so on.
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The AutoCAD surface modeler defines faceted surfaces using a filled polygon. The
created faces of surface models are only planar, which means the surface models can
only have approximate curved surfaces. It is important to note that the AutoCAD surface
modeler does not create true curved surfaces. To differentiate these two types of surfaces,
faceted surfaces are called meshes
in AutoCAD. Because of the use of faceted
approximation on true curved surfaces, the computer requirements of most faceted
surface modelers are typically much less than that of solid modelers. Faceted surface
modeling usually provides reasonably good representations of 3D designs with fast
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d shading capabilities. Faceted surface models are also useful for creating
geometry with unusual surface patterns, such as a 3D topographical model of
mountainous terrain.
AutoCAD® 2009 provid Material
es three basic methods for creating surfaces – the 2D Solid,
3D Face and Region commands. The three commands were developed parallel to the
historical development of the different types of computer modelers.
• 2D Solid: The first gen
eration surface command available in AutoCAD. Used
mostly to fill an area in the sketch plane of the current UCS. This type of surface is
not a true 3D surface.
• 3D Face: Creates a true 3D planar surface (allowing X, Y and Z coordinates) of
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ed or four-sided shape. This is the type of surface developed primarily for
creating faceted surface models.
• Region: Creates a 2D surface of arbitrary shape from existing 2D entities. This
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command creates the most flexible and the most complicated type of surface
available in AutoCAD. This command was developed to allow manipulation of 2D
surfaces using one of the solid modeling construction techniques, namely, the
Constructive Solid Geometry method.
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Although all three commands can be used to create planar surfaces, the resulting surfaces
are not equal. In fact, the three commands are developed for specific tasks in mind. The
2D Solid command is mostly used in 2D drawings to create 2D filled area and the
Region command is designed so that general 2D shapes can be easily transformed into
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solid models. The 3D Face command is the only one that is designed specifically for
surface modeling and therefore it is the most suitable for such tasks. The use of the 2D
Solid and Region commands in 3D surface modeling can be somewhat awkward and
at times very difficult. Note that the use of the Region command will be focused on in
the solid modeling chapters of this text.
As one can imagine, sketching each s
urface manually can be very time consuming and
tedious. AutoCAD also provides additional tools for more advanced surface modeling,
such as Tabulated surfaces, Ruled surfaces and Revolved surfaces. These tools are
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basically automated procedures, which can be used to define and create multiple copies
of planar surfaces in specific directions. The principles and concepts used by these tools
are also used in creating solid models, which are covered in chapter six through chapter
eight of this text. You are encouraged to re-examine these commands after you have
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finished the solid modeling chapters.
In this chapter, the general procedures to create surface models are illustrated. The use of
the 2D Solid and 3D Face commands are illustrated and differences discussed. We will
also demonstrate the u
se of the more advanced surface modeling tools. Two wireframe
models, which were created in the previous chapters, will be converted into surface
models.
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Starting Up AutoCAD® 2009
1. Select the AutoCAD 2009 option on the Program menu or select the AutoCAD
2009 icon on the Desktop.
2. In the
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AutoCAD Today startup dialog box, select the Open a Drawing icon with
a single click of the left-mouse-button.
3. Click on the V-block.dwg
filename to open the V-block wireframe model that was
created in the previous chapter. (Use the Browse option to locate the file if it is
not displayed.)
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• The V-block wireframe model is retrieved and displayed in the graphics window.
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3D Surface Modeling
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The UCS Toolbar and the Meshes Commands
1. Move the cursor on any icon in the Standard toolbar area and right-mouse-click
once to display a list of options. Select Toolbars
AutoCAD.
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2. Select UCS
, with the left-mouse-button, to display the UCS
toolbar on the screen.
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The options available in the UCS toolbar allow us to quickly
orient and align the UCS.
3. Click on the Title area of the 3D Modeling Toolbar to
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show the addition commands available
Surface Modeling
Commands
•
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Note that eight surface modeling commands are available to create Meshes. On your
own, move the cursor on top of the different commands and read the brief description
of the commands.
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Creating a Surface Using the 2D Solid Command
The first generation surface available in AutoCAD is used to fill an area in the sketch
plane of the current UCS. It is therefore necessary to properly orient the UCS prior to
using the 2D Solid command.
1. Select the 3 Point UCS icon in the UCS
toolbar.
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• The 3 Point UCS option allows us to
specify the new X-axis and Y-axis
directions to align the UCS.
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2. In the command prompt area, the message “Specify new
origin point<0,0,0>:” is displayed. Pick the lower right
corner of the front face of the wireframe model as shown.
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3. In the command prompt area, the message
“Specify point on positive portion of X-
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axis:” is displayed. Pick the adjacent
corner toward the right side of the model
as shown.
4.
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In the command prompt area, the
message “Specify point on positive
portion of X-axis:” is displayed. Pick
the right cor
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ner of the inclined plane
as shown.
• The new UCS is aligned to the
vertical inclined plane as shown.
5. In the 3D Modeling toolbar, select
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2D Solid as shown.
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6. Place the first corner point of the 2D solid at the
origin of the new UCS.
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7. In the command prompt area, the
message “Specify second point:” is
displayed. Pick the bottom right
corner of the inclined plane as shown.
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In the command prompt area, the
message “ Material
Specify third point:” is
displayed. Pick the corner directly above
the origin of the UCS as shown.
• The 2D Solid command requires th
e third point to be specified diagonally opposite to
the second point. This seemly strange way of specifying the third corner was
established when the 2D Solid command was first introduced back in the mid-1980s.
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Note that the 3D Face command, the second-generation surface command in
AutoCAD, does not follow this convention.
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9. In the command prompt area,
the message “Specify fourth
point or [Exit]:” is displayed.
Pick the corner directly above
the second point we selected as
shown in the figure.
10. Inside the graphics window,
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right-mouse-click once to end
the 2D Solid command.
• The 2D Solid Material
command allows the creation of three-sided or four-sided filled
polygons, which can be used to represent faces of surface models. Note that in the
above steps, we could accept the three-sided polygon after defining the third corner.
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Using the Visual Styles Toolbar
1. Move the cursor to the View toolbar panel
and left-click on the downward triangle to
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display a list of available options.
Five visual styles are available.
•
2D Wireframe: Displays the objects using lines and
curves to represent the boundaries of objects created.
Linetypes and lineweights are visible with this
option. Note that this is the default AutoCAD display
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mode.
• 3D Hidden: Displays the objects using the 3D
wireframe representation with lines that are located
behind surfaces and solids removed.
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• 3D Wireframe: Displays the objects using lines and
curves to represent the boundaries of objects created.
Displays a shaded 3D user coordinate system (UCS)
icon. Note that linetypes and lineweights are not
visible with this option.
• Conceptual Visual Style: Creates a shaded image
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of polygon faces and solids that uses the Gooch face
style, a transition between cool and warm colors
rather than dark to light. The effect is less realistic,
but it can make the details of the model easier to see.
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• Realistic Visual Style: Creates a shaded image of
polygon faces and solids that gives the objects a
smooth and realistic appearance.
2. Click on the
Realistic Visual Style icon to display the
shaded image of the model.
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There exists only one surface in our model.
The surface was created with the 2D Solid
command.
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3. Select Free Orbit in the View
toolbar as shown.
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4. Inside the arcball, p
ress down the left-
mouse-button and drag it to rotate the
model freely in 3D space. Observe the
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display of the shaded surface in
contrast to the 3D wireframe edges that
are located behind it.
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5. In the UCS toolbar, select the World UCS.
This option resets the UCS to align to the
world coordinate system.
6. On your own, reset the display to the SE Isometric
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View before continuing to the next section.
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Creating a Surface Using the 3D Face Command
• The second generation of surface command made available in AutoCAD was the
3D Face command. The 3D Face command can be used to create true 3D planar
surfaces by allowing the X, Y and Z coordinates of the corners to be selected
independently of the current UCS. The created polygon can be a three-sided or
four-sided shape. This command is the primary construction tool for surface
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modeling in AutoCAD.
1. In the 3D Modeling toolbar, select 3D Face as shown.
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2.
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In the command prompt area, the message
“_3dface Specify first point or [invisible]:”
is displayed. Pick the lower right corner of
the ver
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tical inclined face of the model as
shown.
3.
In the command prompt area, the message
“Specify second point or [invisible]:” is
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displayed. Pick the adjacent corner above
the previous selected corner of the vertical
inclined face as shown.
4.
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In the command prompt area, the
message “Specify third point or
[invisible]:” is displayed. Pick the
adjacent corner of the right vertical face
of the model as shown.
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5. In the command prompt area, the message
“Specify fourth point or [invisible] <Create
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three-sided face>:” is displayed. Pick the
corner below the last selected corner as
shown.
6. In the command prompt area, the
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message “Specify third point or
[invisible] <exit>:” is displayed. Pick the
back corner of the model as shown.
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3D Surface Modeling
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7. In the command prompt area, the message
“Specify fourth point or [invisible]
<Create three-sided face>:” is displayed.
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Pick the back corner of the model as
shown.
• Note that this surface is created
independent of the UCS and two corners
of the previous face were used to position
this face.
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8. Inside the graphics window, right-mouse-click to activate the
option menu and select Enter with the left-mouse-button to
end the 3D Face command.
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The ViewCube
The ViewCube
is a 3D navigation tool that appears when the 3D graphics system is
enabled. With the ViewCube, you can switch between standard and isometric views.
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Once the ViewCube is displayed, it is shown in one of the corners of the graphics
window over the model in an inactive state. The ViewCube also provides visual feedback
about the current viewpoint of the model as view changes occur. When the cursor is
positioned over the ViewCube, it becomes active and allows you to switch to one of the
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available preset views, roll the current view, or change to the Home view of the model.
1. Move the cursor over the ViewCube and noticed the
different sides of the ViewCube become highlighted and
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can be activated.
2. Single left-mouse-click when the Front Side is activated
as shown. The current view is set to viewing the Front
side.
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3. Move the cursor over the Counter Clockwise Arrow
of the ViewCube and noticed the orbit option become
highlighted.
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4. Single left-mouse-click to activate the Counter
Clockwise option as shown. The current view is orbitd
90 degrees, we are still viewing the Front side.
5.
Move the cursor over the Left Arrow of the
ViewCube and noticed the orbit option become
highlighted.
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6. Single left-mouse-click to activate the Left Arrow
option as shown. The current view is now set to
viewing the Top side.
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7. Move the cursor over the Top Edge of the ViewCube
and noticed the roll option become highlighted.
8. Single left-m ouse-click to activate the Roll option as
shown. The view will be adjusted to roll 45 degrees.
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9. Move the cursor over the ViewCube and drag with the
left-mouse-button to activate the Free Rotation
option.
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The orientation of the model
can also be changed to base on
either the UCS or the WCS by
clicking on the coordinate
setting option below the
ViewCube as shown.
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10. Move the cursor over the Home icon of the ViewCube
and noticed the Home View option become
highlighted.
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11. Single left-mouse-click to activate the Home View
option as shown. The view will be adjusted back to
the default SW Isometric View.
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11. In the Visual Styles toolbar, click on the 3D Hidden
icon to display the model with hidden lines removed.
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On your own, use the
ViewCube to rotate the
model and examine the
constructed surface model.
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•
Reset the display to SE Isometric View before proceed
to the next section.
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Creating a Surface of Irregular Shape
• The 3D Face command allows us to create three-sided or four-sided polygons. For
surfaces of irregular shape, the
Invisible Edge option is available in conjunction with
the 3D Face command. Note that the Invisible Edge option cannot be applied to
polygons created by the 2D Solid command.
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1. Select the 2D Wireframe in the Visual Styles
toolbar.
• The 2D Wireframe command resets the display to
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the default AutoCAD display mode
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2. In the 3D Modeling toolbar, select 3D Face.
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3. In the command prompt area, the me
ssage
“_3dface Specify first point or [invisible]:” is
displayed. Pick the top right corner of the
model as shown.
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4. In the command prompt area, the message
“Specify second point or [invisible]:” is
displayed. Pick the top front corner of the
model as shown.
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5. In the command prompt area, the message
“Specify third point or [invisible] <exit>:”
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is displayed. Pick the top corner of the
model adjacent to the previously selected
corner as shown.
6.
In the command prompt area, the message
“Specify fourth point or [invisible] <Create
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three-sided face>:” is displayed. Pick the corner
below the last selected corner as shown.
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3D Surface Modeling
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7. On your own, repeat the zigzagging
pattern to define polygons until all
corners of the inclined surface have
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been selected and additional polygons
are created as shown in the figure.
Note that the last polygon we created
is a three-sided polygon.
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8. In the Visual Styles toolbar, click on the 3D Hidden icon
to display the model with hidden lines removed. Note
that the edges of the polygons are displayed as shown.
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9.
On your own, examine the model by selecting the different Visual Styles.
10. Rest the Visual Styles toolbar to 2D
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Wireframe, the default AutoCAD
display mode.
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Using the Invisible Edge Option
• The Invisible Edge option is used to turn off the display of selected edges and
therefore allow the adjacent polygons, created by the 3D Face command, to
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appear as being joined together.
1. In the 3D Modeling toolbar, select Edge as
shown in the figure.
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2. In the command prompt area, the
message “Specify edge of 3dface to
toggle visibi
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lity or [Display]:” is
displayed. Pick the three edges
inside the inclined surface as
shown.
3. Inside the graphics window, right-
mouse-click to activate the option
menu and select Enter to end the
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command.
4. Set the Visual Style toolbar to 3D Hidden.
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5. On your own, examine the model by selecting the different
Visual Styles.
•
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The selected edges are removed
from the display so that the face
of the inclin
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ed surface of the
model appears to be more
realistic.
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Moving with the Grip Editing Tools
1. Select one of the 3D face we created
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by clicking on the front edge of the
inclined surface as shown.
• Four grip points, the small rectangles
displayed at the corners of the
highlighted polygon, can be used to
adjust the size and shape of the
highlighted polygon.
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2. Move the cursor on one of the grip
points. Notice the grip editing axes is
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automatically aligned to the grip point.
3.
Click on one of the axes and drag
with the left-mouse-button to move the
grip point. (Clicking on the axis
constrain the movement to the selected
axis.)
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4. Press the [Esc] key to deselect the
highlighted entities.
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On your own, repeat the above steps and complete the surface model of the design.
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The
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Locator Wireframe Model
1. Click on the Open icon in the Standard
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toolbar.
2. In the Select File window, pick the
Locator
file that was created in Chapter 3.
3. Click Open to open the model file.
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Moving Objects to a Different Layer 1. Click Layers Properties
Manager in the Layers toolbar.
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2. Click on the New button to create new layers.
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Create three new layers with the following settings:
Layer
Color
LineType
LineWeight
Construction
White
Continuous Default
Wireframe
Blue
Continuous
0.30mm
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Surface
Cyan
Continuous
Default
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Click on the Close button to accept the settings and exit the Layer Properties
Manager dialog box.
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5. Inside the graphics window, pre-select
all entities by using the left-mouse-
button to create a selection window
enclosing all entities.
• Note that all selected entities are
highlighted.
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6. On the Object Properties toolbar,
choose the Layer Control box with the
left-mouse-button.
• Notice the layer name displayed in the
Layer Control box is the selected
object's assigned layer and layer
properties.
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7. In the Layer Control box, click on the
Wireframe layer name as shown.
All entities of the Locator model are moved to the Wireframe layer.
8. Press the [ Material
ESC] key twice to deselect all highlighted entities.
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Advanced Surface Modeling Commands
Several of the advanced surface-modeling commands are displayed in the last group
of the Surfaces Modeling toolbar. These commands allow us to quickly create and
duplicate su
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rfaces in specific manners.
Advanced surface
commands
•
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Revolved Surface: Creates a surface mesh by rotating a group of objects about
an axis.
•
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Tabulated Surface: Creates a surface mesh representing a general tabulated
surface defined by a path curve and a direction vector. The resulting mesh is a
series of parallel polygons running along a specified path.
• Ruled Surface
: Creates a surface mesh between two objects.
• Edge Surface: Creates a surface patch mesh from four edges.
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SurfTab1 & SurfTab2 system variables: These two variables are used to set the
number of increments used by the Ruled Surface and Tabulated Surface commands.
The default values are set to six, which means any curve will be approximated with
six straight lines.
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1. On your own, use the Free Orbit command
and adjust the display of the wireframe
model so that the four vertical lines
connecting the two circles are visible as
shown.
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• To illustrate the use of the Ruled Surface
and Tabulated Surface commands, we
will first split the top circle into two arcs.
Note that these surfacing commands allow
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us to construct a polygon mesh for different
situations and regions. The split of the circle
is necessary in creating a mapped surface on
the top plane of the model.
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2. Select Break in the Modify toolbar.
• The Break command can be used to erase parts of
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objects or split an object in two. Note that we can
only erase parts of a circle. We will therefore erase a
portion of the circle and then split the circle into two
arcs.
3.
Select the top circle as shown.
Note that the portion defined
by two points will be erased.
•
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By default, AutoCAD treats the selection point as the first
break point. We can override the first point by choosing First
point in the option menu.
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4. In the command prompt area, the message “Specific
second break point or [First point]:” is displayed. Right-
mouse-click once and select First point in the option
menu.
5. In the command prompt area, the message “Specific first
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break point:” is displayed. Choose the top endpoint of
the vertical line as shown.
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6. In the command prompt area, the message “Specific
second break point:” is displayed. Choose the top
endpoint of the vertical line as shown.
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• One quarter of the circle has been erased.
We will nex
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t split the arc into two arcs,
again using the Break command.
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7. Select Break in the Modify toolbar.
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8. Select the top arc as shown.
• By default, AutoCAD treats
the selection point as the
first break p oint. We can
override the first point by
choosing First point in the option menu.
9. In the command prompt area, the message “Specific
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second break point or [First point]:” is displayed. Right-
mouse-click once and select First point in the option
menu.
10.
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In the command prompt area, the message “Specific first
break point:” is displayed. Choose the top endpoint of
the left vertical line as shown.
11. In the command prompt area, the me
ssage “Specific
second break point:” is displayed. To split an object,
choose the same endpoint that was chosen as the first
endpoint.
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12. Select Extend in the Modify toolbar. Note the Projection type
is set to View, as shown in the prompt window.
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13. Select the ri
ght vertical edge to be the extending boundary
as shown.
14. Inside the graphics window, right-mouse-click once to
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accept the selection.
15. Pick the shorter arc near the right endpoint to extend the
arc in that direction.
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16. Inside the graphics window, right-mouse-
click once to display the option menu and
select Enter to end the Extend command.
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Using the Tabulated Surface Option
• In AutoCAD, the TABSURF command allows us to construct a polygon mesh
representing a general tabulated surface defined by a path curve and a direction
vector.
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1. Set the Surface layer as the Current
Layer by choosing the layer name in
the Layer Control box as shown.
• We will place the surface model on a
different layer than the wireframe
model.
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2. Click Tabulated Surface in the 3D
Modeling Toolbar.
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In the command prompt area, the message “Select
object for path curve:” is displayed. Choose the
upper arc as shown.
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4. In the command prompt area, the message “Select
object for direction vector:” is displayed. Choose the
vertical line near the top endpoint as shown. Note
that the endpoint of the line is used as a reference
point to determine the direction of the polygon mesh.
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On your own, use the Orbit and Visual
Styles commands to examine the constructed
polygons.
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• Exactly six polygons are created and positioned
along the selected path curve, the upper arc, with
the Tabulated Surface command. This is set by
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the SurfTab1 variable. We can adjust number of
segments to use by typing the word, surftab1, at
the command prompt.
Note that a surface modeler using polygons to
approximate true curves is called a faceted surface
modeler.
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Using the Ruled Surface Option
• In AutoCAD, the
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RULESURF command allows us to construct a polygon mesh
between two objects. We can use two different objects to define the edges of the ruled
surface: lines, points, arcs, circles, ellipses, elliptical arcs, polylines or splines. The
two objects to be used as the rails of a ruled surface mesh must both be either open or
closed. For open curves, AutoCAD star
ts construction of the ruled surface based on
the locations of the specified points on the curves.
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1. Pick Ruled Surface in the Draw pull-down menu.
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2. In the command prompt area, the message “Select
first defining curve:” is displayed. Choose the lower
arc by clicking on the right side as shown.
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3. In the command prompt area, the
message “Select second defining
curve:” is displayed. Choose the
inside straight edge on the right
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side as shown.
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4. In the Visual Styles toolbar, click on the 3D Hidden icon
to display the model with hidden lines removed.
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• The selected edges are removed from
the display so that the face of the
ruled surface appears to be more
realistic.
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5.
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On your own, repeat the above steps and create another ruled surface as shown.
(Hint: Use the Realtime Zoom function to assist the selection of the arc.)
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6. In the 3D Modeling toolbar, select 3D Face.
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•
On your own, complete the surface model as shown. (Hint: Use the [Edge] command
to hide the edges of the created faces.)
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Questions:
1. List and describe three differences between Wireframe models and Surface models.
2. List and des
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cribe the three types of surfaces available in AutoCAD.
3. List and describe two different shading options in AutoCAD.
4. What is the difference between the 2D Solid and 3D Face commands in AutoCAD?
5. What is the difference between Tabulated Surface and Ruled Surface in
AutoCAD?
6.
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Identify and describe the following commands:
a)
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b)
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d)
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Exercises: All dimensions are in inches.
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3D Surface Modeling
5-29
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